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RC Test 1 > B4.002 Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

B4.002 Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

symptoms of autonomic dysfunction

A 
dry mouth (xerostomia)
swallowing difficulty (dysphagia)
airway obstruction
heart rate disturbances
gastric disturbances
constipation or fecal incontinence
erectile and/or ejaculatory dysfunction
urinary retention or incontinence
pupil constriction (miosis) or dilation (mydriasis)
loss of sweating (anhydrosis)
orthostatic (postural) hypotension / supine hypertension
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2
Q

what is the autonomous nervous system?

A

a peripheral motor system with the last inter-neuronal synapse in a peripheral ganglion
regulates involuntary movement

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3
Q

typical targets of the autonomic nervous system

A

smooth muscle
glands
heart

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4
Q

2 components of ANS

A

sympathetic nervous system

parasympathetic nervous system

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5
Q

how are voluntary motor pathways different from autonomic motor pathways?

A

voluntary don’t have neurons in ganglia

CNS neurons project directly to muscle

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6
Q

basic flow of autonomic signal

A 
intermediolateral column
preganglionic axon
ganglion
postganglionic axon
target
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7
Q

nerves involves in PNS

A

cranial (3, 7, 9, 10)

sacral

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8
Q

targets of PNS

A

heart
glands
smooth muscle

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9
Q

nerves involved in SNS

A

thoracic

lumbar

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10
Q

targets of SNS

A

head
skin, muscles, glands of trunk and extremities
viscera
genitalia

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11
Q

what is a paravertebral chain

A

22 ganglia string together
SNS travels through this chain to get to targets
target can be on the same level as the CNS nerve effector or can move up or down from the effector via the paravertebral chain

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12
Q

what is the splanchnic nerve

A

part of SNS
innervates viscera and genitalia
goes through prevertebral ganglion

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13
Q

which ganglia have cholinergic excitatory synapses?

A

BOTH sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia

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14
Q

what receptors mediate excitatory cholinergic synapses?

A

nicotinic

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15
Q

how are PNS and SNS outputs different?

A

PNS is discrete = 1:1 ratio of pregangionic/postganglionic neurons
SNS is diffuse= preganglionic neuron acts on multiple post (divergence), post ganglionic get inputs from multiple pre (convergence)

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16
Q

what are varicosities

A

segments of dilation along postganglionic axon

close to effector cells

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17
Q

what is a ground plexus

A

network/mesh of varicosities over cells of autonomic target

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18
Q

describe an autonomic neuroeffector junction

A

not technically a synapse, but similar function
axon ensheathed by Schwann cells except at varicosities
at these varicosities receptors are present to mediate communication with receptors on nearby target cells
multiple mitochondria and vesicles

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19
Q

2 primary types of parasympathetic transmission

A

ACh

NO

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20
Q

describe the process of ACh parasympathetic transmission

A

ChAT (choline acetyltransferase makes ACh)
ACh released via vesicles into junction
can act on multiple M (muscarinic) receptors on effector cell
AChE breaks down ACh quickly
choline is transported back into neuron to be recycled

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21
Q

M1, M3, M5

A

excitatory muscarinic receptors

act on smooth muscles and glands

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22
Q

M2, M4

A

inhibitory muscarinic receptors

act on smooth and cardiac muscles

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23
Q

describe the process of NO parasympathetic transmission

A

NOS makes NO
NO released from neuron
NO acts on guanylate cyclase receptor on effector cells
NO diffuses away

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24
Q

guanylate cyclase

A

inhibitory receptor

relaxes vascular smooth muscle

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25
2 primary types of sympathetic transmission
ACh (5%) | NE (95%)
26
synthetic enzyme of NE
dopamine B-hydroxylase
27
termination of NE action
reuptake (80%) | COMT, MAO degradation enzymes (10%)
28
receptors for NE
adrenoreceptors
29
effects of ACh sympathetic transmission
eccrine sweat gland excitation | forehead, chest, face, etc
30
types of adrenoreceptors
``` a1 a2 b1 b2 b3 ```
31
a1
+ | smooth muscle and gland excitation (contraction/ increased salivation)
32
a2
- | inhibits NE release
33
b1
``` + cardiac excitation (increased inotrophy/ chronotrophy) renin release (increased angiotensin II) ```
34
b2
``` smooth muscle relaxation (-) glandular secretion (+) ```
35
b3
+ | stimulated lipocyte lipolysis
36
which adrenoreceptor does NE not act on as much as E does
b2
37
which adrenoreceptors are responsive to E
all
38
which adrenoreceptors are responsive to isoproterenol
B only
39
which adrenoreceptors are responsive to phenylephrine
a1 only | decongestant
40
which adrenoreceptors are responsive to clonidine
a2 only
41
which adrenoreceptors are responsive to NE
all but b2 is weak
42
where are a1/a2 receptors located
a1: post junctional a2: pre junctional
43
where are B1 receptors located
heart | kidney
44
where are b2 receptors located
smooth muscle | glands
45
where are b3 receptors located
fat
46
what is the adrenal medulla
modified sympathetic ganglion
47
how does the adrenal medulla regulate the body?
nerve from the CNS synapses with the adrenal medulla chromaffin cell via a cholinergic nicotinic synapse phenylmethanolamine N-methyl transferase converts NE to E within adrenal medulla E (80%) and NE (20%) released directly into blood stream
48
how do autonomic nerves regulate the amount of transmitter released?
prejunctional inhibitory autoreceptors (a2 for example)
49
how can postjunctional receptor sensitivity change
abundant agonist = desensitization | transmitter amts low = increased sensitivity
50
what does the sympatho-adrenal system do
mediated fight or flight prepares organism for mental or physical challenges broad and diffuse system activation
51
what does the parasympathetic system do
conserves and protects | discrete changes in activity of selected organs
52
rules of the parasympathetic system
1. always activates non-vascular smooth muscle (except sphincters) - cholinergic 2. always relaxes sphincters - cholinergic 3. always inhibits cardiac activity (vagal) - cholinergic 4. always activates glands - cholinergic 5. when present, relaxes vascular smooth muscle - nitrergic
53
rules of the sympathetic system
1. contracts smooth muscle via a1 2. relaxes smooth muscle via b2 3. excited heard and kidney cells by b1 4. excited adipocytes via b3 5. increases glandular secretion by a1, b2, M (eccrine)
54
discuss autonomic regulation of the pupil
sympathetic- contraction of dilator muscle, pupil diameter increase (mydriasis), eyelid retraction (bugging out eyes) parasympathetic- contraction of constrictor muscle, pupil diameter decrease (miosis)
55
horners syndrome symptoms
``` ptosis miosis facial anhidrosis facial flushing indicators of damage to sympathetic innervation ```
56
discuss the autonomic regulation of the GI system
sympathetic- reduces motility, increases sphincter tone | parasympathetic- increases motility, decreases sphincter tone, increases enteric blood flow via dilation
57
discuss the autonomic regulation of the bladder
``` retention = not enough parasympathetic ACh incontinence = not enough sympathetic NE ```
58
discuss the autonomic control of erectile function
erectile tissues blood vessels normally constricted with arousal, PNS axons fire and release NO NO acts on gualylate cyclase to produce cGMP which causes smooth muscle relaxation, vasodilation, and tumescence
59
what is the basis of erectile dysfunction?
sacral parasympathetic nerves degenerate so NO release is insufficient
60
how does Viagra work?
inhibit phosphodiesterase type 5 which breaks down cGMP | amplifies effects of NO
61
source of dry mouth
reduces SNS/PNS excitatory innervation
62
source of dysphagia
reduced PNS mediated motility
63
source of airway obstruction
PNS constriction due to loss of SNS dilation
64
sources of heart rate disturbances
SNS loss = bradycardia | PNS loss = tachycardia
65
sources of gastric disturbances
PNS loss = hypomotility | SNS loss = hypermotility
66
sources of constipation/fecal incontinence
PNS loss = constipation | SNS loss = incontinence
67
sources of erectile/ ejaculatory dysfunction
PNS loss = erectile | SNS loss = ejaculatory
68
sources of urinary retention or incontinence
PNS loss = retention | SNS loss = incontinence
69
sources of pupil constriction/dilation dysfunction
PNS loss = dilation | SNS loss = constriction
70
source of loss of sweating
loss of SNS cholinergic

RC Test 1 (19 decks)

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