B4.2 ecological niches

Question 1

what determines which habitat an organism lives in

Answer 1

the zone of tolerance for abiotic and biotic variables as the specific habitat makes food being obtained via different modes be it photosynthesis or consumption and competition is minimized

Question 2

in order to occupy a specific niche an organsim must…

Answer 2

adapt phyicially and by behaviour

Question 3

resource partioning

Answer 3

species usually show daptations to the ecological niche which they occupy to avoid competition also referred to as resource partioning

Question 4

obligate aerobe

Answer 4

recquires oxygen,
includes all animals, plants they need it for aerobic respiration

Question 5

obligate anaerobic

Answer 5

killed by oxygen
for instance, some bacteria

Question 6

faculatative anerobes

Answer 6

grow better with oxygen, can live without it
for instance, yeast

Question 7

explain hwo some organisms produce their own food

Answer 7

for instance glucose, amino acids, other carbon containing compounds from inorganic compounds eg. CO2 AND H2O, with sunlight in photosynthesis
eg. algae , plants, bacteria

Question 8

mode of nutrition

Answer 8

depends n ecological niche, adaptations to biotic and abiotic factors

Question 9

what are the three main modes of nutrition

Answer 9

autotroph
heterotroph
mixotroph

Question 10

autotroph

Answer 10

synthesize organic compounds (sugars, amino acids, fats), by using other sources of energy

Question 11

heterotroph

Answer 11

obtain organic compounds by consuming orher organisms, internally or externally

Question 12

mixotroph

Answer 12

perform both modes of nutrient uptake depending on availability eg. some protists

Question 13

what are the types of autotroph

Answer 13

photoautotroph and chemoautotroph

Question 14

photoautotroph

Answer 14

produce organic compounds from co, h2o
and light energy though photosynthesis
eg. plants, algae, mosses, some bacteria, protosits

Question 15

chemoautotroph

Answer 15

produce organic compounds from other elements eg. iron or NH3 through chemosynthesis
eg.
archae, bacteria

Question 16

what are the different types of heterotrophs

Answer 16

sapotrophs, parasites, holozoic

Question 17

saprotrophs

Answer 17

obtain food from dead and decaying matter by secreting enzymes and digesting externally eg. fungi, bactera

Question 18

parasites

Answer 18

obtain food from other organisms without killing eg. barnacles

Question 19

holozoic

Answer 19

organism ingests solid food, internally digests it using enzymes, absorbs nutrients, and then excretes waste products, basically all animlas eg.humans

Question 20

types of holozoic

Answer 20

herbivore- rabbits, goats , carnivore- lions, tigre, omnivore- bear, humans
scavengers- vultures, hyenas ( ingest recently dead organisms)

Question 21

describe holozoic nutrition in animals detailed

Answer 21

animals obtain nutrients via consumption of food
large molecules broken down into smaller ones before they can be absrobed into blood stream and transported to cells in body where they are needed

Question 22

steps in holozoic nutrition

Answer 22

ingestion- taking food into body (mouth)
digestion- breaking down food- lumen of gut
absorption- moving food into cells, epidermis of gut
assimilation- making food part of cell
elimination- removing unused food via anus

Question 23

even without a multi organ controlled in digestivr system can organism use holozoic nutrition

Answer 23

yes
eg. amoeba

Question 24

how does holozoic nutrition function in organisms without multi organ controlled digestive system eg. amoeba

Answer 24

food particle is ingested forming a pseudopodia
then food vacuole is formed during digestion
absorption, assimilation and then egestion

Question 25

importance of fungi

Answer 25

fungi are saprotrophs, breakdown dead organic matter an realease important elements back into ecosystem

Question 26

how to sprotrophs digest food

Answer 26

by secreting enxymes to break down organic compounds externally products to digest then absorb

Question 27

explain in detail mixotrophic nutrition

Answer 27

in some protists organisms use mix of different sources of energy and carbon instead of having single mode of nutrition

Question 28

facultative mixotroph

Answer 28

can be entirely autotrophic, entirely heterotrophi or use both modes

Question 29

obligate mixotroph

Answer 29

must use both modes of nutrition, often case if type of nutrient cannot be synthesized by themselves

Question 30

Eugiena Gracilis

Answer 30

is a single celled eukarayotic algae that will photosynthesize autotroph in sufficient light but can also ingest particles of food by phagocytosis which it then digests it is a faculative mixotroph

Question 31

what are the 3 domains living things can be catagorized into

Answer 31

archae, bacteria, eukarayote

Question 32

archae

Answer 32

archae normally adapt to life in extreme conditions eg. hot springs, salt lakes, volcanic craters

Question 33

what do eubacteria arche and eukarayote have in common

Answer 33

all share same universal ancestor, however eubacteria and arche are prokarayotes and eukarayote is eukarayote

Question 34

phototrophic

Answer 34

light as energy source, produce sugars (often dif pigments than chlorophyll)

Question 35

chemotrophic

Answer 35

use of inorganic chemicals eg. iron by oxidizing Fe 2+ into Fe 3+ to produce sugars

Question 36

heterotrophic

Answer 36

oxidising organic compounds obtained from other organisms and digesting them

Question 37

what information can dentition give us

Answer 37

about feeding style of organism

Question 38

how are teeths of herbivoes

Answer 38

large and flat, grind dibrous plant material

Question 39

how are teeths of omnivores

Answer 39

mix dif types of teeth t breakdown both meat and plants, molars often flat to grind seeds

Question 40

gorillas are mainly

Answer 40

herbivores

Question 41

chipanzees mainly

Answer 41

frugivores

Question 42

early hominids australopitheaus and paranthropus showed dental adaptations to

Answer 42

tough vegetation, allowing powerful chewing

Question 43

why do some insects jaw like mouthparts

Answer 43

for bitting off and chewing and ingesting pieces of lead, herbivroes sharp edged mandibles to cut leaf

Question 44

why do some insects have tubular mouthparts

Answer 44

for piercing leaves or stems to feed on phloem sap tubular such nectar eg. elongated proboscis

Question 45

adaptations of aphids

Answer 45

modified piercing mouth part, stylets secrete enzyme pectinase to break down polysaccharide pectin which holds together cell wall of plants, style can easily pass between cell walls and access plants sap

Question 46

what are adaptations for herbivore animals

Answer 46

specialized back teeth, digestive systems are specifically adapted to digesting plant matter, bacteria and archae living in the rumen help to break down cellulose

Question 47

what adaptations do plants develop

Answer 47

adaptations for deterring herbivore attacks eg. thorns and hairs, act as a physical barrier, difficult to eat, hairs prevent insects from reaching edible parts or block insect eggs from reaching plant production of toxins- eg. phytotoxins made from secondary compounds (primary compounds= used by plant in metabolism); toxin can cause nausea, cardiac problems, hallusinations

Question 48

castor bean

Answer 48

produce seeds contain ricin toxic when making castor oil toxin is removed

Question 49

how have some animals reacted to toxins released in plants

Answer 49

evolved wats to neutralize the toxins so that they are not poisoned some rumninants have microbes in their gut, detoxify the toxin or proteins in salive can destroy the toxins or liver in some mammals can also neutralise some toxins

Question 50

what are adaptations of predators and why

Answer 50

as they rely on catching preys, killing, eating to obtain chemical eneergy in from of carbon compounds they have aerodynamic body, sharp nails and teeth, camouflage to habitat

Question 51

what are the different layers in the rainforest

Answer 51

emergent, canopy, understory, forest

Question 52

describe emergent layer

Answer 52

tallest trees, some birds, insects, no animals

Question 53

describe cannopy layer

Answer 53

thickest layer, hosts most flora and fauna

Question 54

describe understory layer

Answer 54

young herbs and shrubs and bushes

Question 55

forest floow layer

Answer 55

darkest, humid, has insects and giant animals

Question 56

epiphytes adaptations

Answer 56

get up into understory or canopy t access sunlight, roots conect to tree trunks collect water trickeling along branch

Question 57

vines adaptations

Answer 57

climb up tree trunk

Question 58

lianas adaptations

Answer 58

vines take root on forest floor use trees as a way to grow high into canopy

Question 59

large surface area adaptation why

Answer 59

help plants in shrub layer to catch light

Question 60

shade tolerance adaptation explanation

Answer 60

do not need lot of light eg. herbs growing on forest floor

Question 61

fundamental niche

Answer 61

ful range enviornmental and social conditions under which it could potentially survive and reproduce taking into account all tolerance levels to abiotic and biotic factors

Question 62

realized niche

Answer 62

specific set of conditions under which it actually does survive in a given habitat or ecosystem with the limitations of other species beign present, conditions which best adapted

Question 63

what is competitive exclusion

Answer 63

if 2 species share a niche leades to interspecific competition for resources, invetbly 1 species will have a advantage over the other with less well adapted species struggling more to survive and reproduce, one will then becom extinct or forced to migrate

Question 64

why was the eastern grey squirrel more adapted to its surroundings than eurasion red squirrel

Answer 64

grey had larger and more robust than red, so less vulnerable to predators grey can eat seeds and nuts before fully ripe and their digestivr systems cna handle tannnins in their food grey carry a disease= squirelpox, which is fatal to red grey are more flexible and better adapting to new surroundings

Question 65

what happend to jaw and cranium as hominidial evolved

Answer 65

there was an increase in cranium size, thus brain size and decrease in jaw size, primitive men had longer canines and more molars than curent humans as they hunted animals

Question 66

site the order of primitave men up to date

Answer 66

australupitecus africanus paranthropus robustus homo habilis homo erectus homo neanderthalensis homo sapiens