B.44 Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet TX Flashcards

Question

B.44 Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet TX How is enoxaparin administered?

Answer 1

A: Enoxaparin is administered subcutaneously (SC) for prophylaxis and treatment of venous thromboembolism and can also be given intravenously if rapid effect is required.

Answer 2

A: Enoxaparin has more predictable pharmacokinetics, longer half-life, and higher bioavailability (~90%) after subcutaneous injection, making it easier to use without routine monitoring.

Answer 3

A: The usual dosing is 1 mg/kg every 12 hours or 1.5 mg/kg once daily, depending on the clinical situation and patient's weight.

Answer 4

A: Enoxaparin has a lower risk of inducing heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and fewer drug-related complications, making it safer for long-term use.

Answer 5

A: Patients with renal impairment may require dosage adjustments, as LMWH is primarily cleared by the kidneys.

Answer 6

A: Indications include prevention of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in surgical or hospitalized patients, treatment of DVT and pulmonary embolism (PE), and management of acute coronary syndromes.

Answer 7

A: While bleeding risk exists with both, enoxaparin's predictable response and lower incidence of thrombocytopenia make it associated with a relatively lower risk of bleeding complications.

Answer 8

A: Although routine monitoring is not necessary, patients should be monitored for signs of bleeding, renal function, and possibly anti-factor Xa levels in high-risk situations.

Answer 9

A: Enoxaparin has been shown to be as effective as unfractionated heparin for the treatment and prevention of thromboembolic events, with the added benefits of convenience and safety.

Answer 10

It is a anti-coagulant, synthetic heparin

Answer 11

Acts on on Factor Xa

Answer 12

A: Fondaparinux is a synthetic anticoagulant that is a selective inhibitor of factor Xa and a synthetic analogue of the antithrombin-binding pentasaccharide sequenc

Answer 13

A: Fondaparinux is administered subcutaneously (SC), typically once daily.

Answer 14

A: Fondaparinux binds to antithrombin, leading to the inhibition of factor Xa, but does not significantly inhibit thrombin.

Answer 15

A: Fondaparinux is used for thromboprophylaxis in patients undergoing surgery, and for the treatment of acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).

Answer 16

A: Fondaparinux has a bioavailability of approximately 100% after subcutaneous injection.

Answer 17

A: Fondaparinux is cleared primarily via the kidneys in an unchanged form, making renal function an important consideration in dosing.

Answer 18

A: The initial dose is typically 7.5 mg once daily, with adjustments made for body weight: 5 mg for patients weighing <50 kg and 10 mg for those >100 kg.

Answer 19

A: The primary side effect of fondaparinux is bleeding. It does not cause heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) because it does not bind to PF4.

Answer 20

A: Fondaparinux does not cross-react with HIT antibodies, making it a safer alternative for anticoagulation in patients who have developed HIT.

Answer 21

A: Fondaparinux has no specific antidote, and protamine sulfate does not reverse its anticoagulant effects, complicating management in case of major bleeding.

Answer 22

Anti-coagulant

Answer 23

Direct thrombin (IIa) inhibitor

Answer 24

Idarucizumab

Answer 25

A: Dabigatran is a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) that inhibits thrombin, thereby preventing the formation of blood clots.

Answer 26

A: Dabigatran directly binds to the active site of thrombin, inhibiting its ability to convert fibrinogen to fibrin, which is essential for clot formation.

Answer 27

A: Dabigatran is used for stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and for the treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE).

Answer 28

A: Dabigatran has a low bioavailability of approximately 6% due to extensive first-pass metabolism; it is often given with food to enhance absorption.

Answer 29

A: The usual dose for stroke prevention in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation is 150 mg taken twice daily, with a reduced dose of 75 mg twice daily for patients with moderate renal impairment.

Answer 30

A: The most common side effect of dabigatran is bleeding, particularly gastrointestinal bleeding. Dyspepsia is also reported in about 10% of patients.

Answer 31

A: Dabigatran is primarily cleared by the kidneys; therefore, caution is advised in patients with renal impairment, and dosage adjustments may be necessary.

Answer 32

A: Idarucizumab is the specific reversal agent for dabigatran, and it binds dabigatran with high affinity to neutralize its anticoagulant effect.

Answer 33

A: Dabigatran should be stopped 1-2 days before procedures associated with a moderate to high risk of bleeding; the timing depends on renal function.

Answer 34

A: Routine coagulation monitoring is generally not required; however, assessment of renal function and monitoring for signs of bleeding are important.

Answer 35

A: Argatroban is a direct thrombin inhibitor used as an anticoagulant, specifically for patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT).

Answer 36

A: Argatroban binds to the active site of thrombin, inhibiting its ability to convert fibrinogen to fibrin, thus preventing clot formation.

Answer 37

A: Argatroban is primarily used in patients with HIT, especially those who require anticoagulation and cannot use heparin.

Answer 38

A: Argatroban is administered via continuous intravenous (IV) infusion.

Answer 39

A: The plasma half-life of argatroban is approximately 45 minutes.

Answer 40

A: The activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is used to monitor argatroban's anticoagulant effect, with the goal of achieving an aPTT that is 1.5 to 3 times the baseline value.

Answer 41

A: Argatroban prolongs INR, complicating the transition to warfarin; monitoring factor X levels can help in this transition instead of relying solely on INR.

Answer 42

A: The most common side effect of argatroban is bleeding. Other potential complications may include elevated liver enzymes.

Answer 43

A: No, argatroban is metabolized in the liver and is not cleared by the kidneys, making it safer for patients with renal impairment.

Answer 44

A: The typical starting dose of argatroban is 2 mcg/kg/min, which may be adjusted based on aPTT results and clinical responses.

Answer 45

A: Bivalirudin is a direct thrombin inhibitor that is used as an anticoagulant, especially in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Answer 46

A: Bivalirudin binds to the active site of thrombin and also interacts with exosite 1, inhibiting thrombin’s ability to convert fibrinogen to fibrin and thus preventing blood clot formation.

Answer 47

A: Bivalirudin is indicated for anticoagulation in patients undergoing PCI and for patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT).

Answer 48

A: Bivalirudin has a relatively short half-life of approximately 25 minutes.

Answer 49

A: Bivalirudin is administered via intravenous (IV) infusion, often starting with a bolus dose followed by a continuous infusion.

Answer 50

A: For PCI, bivalirudin is typically given as a bolus of 0.75 mg/kg followed by a continuous infusion of 1.75 mg/kg/hour.

Answer 51

A: The major side effect of bivalirudin is bleeding. Other side effects may include thrombocytopenia and elevated liver enzymes.

Answer 52

A: The activated clotting time (ACT) is commonly used to monitor the anticoagulant effect of bivalirudin, particularly during PCI procedures.

Answer 53

A: Yes, while bivalirudin is partially cleared via the kidneys, dosage adjustments may be necessary for patients with renal impairment.

Answer 54

A: Bivalirudin does not cause heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), making it a safer alternative for patients with this condition undergoing procedures.

Answer 55

A: Rivaroxaban is an oral anticoagulant that belongs to the class of direct Factor Xa inhibitors, used for preventing and treating thromboembolic disorders.

Answer 56

A: Rivaroxaban inhibits Factor Xa, which is crucial in the coagulation cascade, thereby preventing the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and reducing clot formation.

Answer 57

A: Rivaroxaban is indicated for the prevention of stroke in non-valvular atrial fibrillation, treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE), and for secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease.

Answer 58

A: The standard dose for non-valvular atrial fibrillation is 20 mg once daily, with a reduced dose of 15 mg for patients with a creatinine clearance of 15–49 mL/min.

Answer 59

A: Rivaroxaban is administered orally, with certain doses required to be taken with food to enhance absorption.

Answer 60

A: Common side effects include bleeding (e.g., gastrointestinal and intracranial bleeding) and, less commonly, liver enzyme elevations

Answer 61

A: The half-life of rivaroxaban ranges from 7 to 11 hours, which can vary based on renal function and other factors.

Answer 62

A: In patients with renal impairment, the dose of rivaroxaban may need to be adjusted, particularly for those with a creatinine clearance of less than 50 mL/min.

Answer 63

A: The reversal of rivaroxaban can be achieved using andexanet alfa, a recombinant variant of Factor Xa that sequesters the drug.

Answer 64

A: Rivaroxaban generally does not require routine monitoring, but assessments of adherence, bleeding risk, and renal function should be considered. Prothrombin time (PT) can provide qualitative information about its anticoagulant effect.

Answer 65

A: Apixaban is an oral anticoagulant that belongs to the class of direct Factor Xa inhibitors, used for preventing and treating thromboembolic disorders.

Answer 66

A: Apixaban inhibits Factor Xa, which plays a crucial role in the coagulation cascade, preventing the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and thereby reducing thrombus formation.

Answer 67

A: Apixaban is indicated for the prevention of stroke in non-valvular atrial fibrillation, treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE), and secondary prevention of thrombotic events in patients with coronary artery or peripheral artery disease.

Answer 68

A: The standard dose for non-valvular atrial fibrillation is 5 mg taken twice daily, with a reduced dose of 2.5 mg twice daily for patients meeting at least two of the "ABC" criteria (age >80 years, weight <60 kg, and serum creatinine >1.5 mg/dL).

Answer 69

A: Apixaban is taken orally, and it can be administered with or without food.

Answer 70

A: Common side effects include bleeding (such as gastrointestinal and intracranial bleeding) and, less commonly, elevated liver enzymes.

Answer 71

A: The half-life of apixaban is approximately 12 hours, which can vary based on individual factors, including renal function.

Answer 72

A: In patients with renal impairment, dosage reductions may be necessary for those with a creatinine clearance of 15–50 mL/min, especially for secondary prevention.

Answer 73

A: The reversal of apixaban can be achieved using andexanet alfa, which serves as a decoy to sequester oral Factor Xa inhibitors.

Answer 74

A: Routine coagulation monitoring is not required for patients on apixaban, but it may be helpful in specific situations such as assessing adherence, detecting accumulation or overdose, or evaluating bleeding mechanisms.

Answer 75

A: Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant medication that inhibits vitamin K-dependent clotting factors, used to prevent and treat thromboembolic disorders.

Answer 76

A: Warfarin works by inhibiting the vitamin K epoxide reductase complex, which is essential for the synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X, and proteins C and S.

Answer 77

A: Warfarin is used for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE), pulmonary embolism (PE), myocardial infarction, and for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation.

Answer 78

A: The anticoagulant effect of warfarin is delayed because it inhibits the synthesis of new clotting factors, which takes time, as existing factors in circulation must degrade before the effects become evident.

Answer 79

A: Warfarin dosing is individualized based on monitoring of the International Normalized Ratio (INR), with typical starting doses ranging from 2 to 5 mg daily, adjusted according to INR results.

Answer 80

A: Patients on warfarin require regular INR monitoring to ensure that the anticoagulation effect is within the therapeutic range, typically every 3 to 4 weeks for stable patients.

Answer 81

A: Common side effects include bleeding (both minor and major), purple toe syndrome, skin necrosis, and, less commonly, liver enzyme elevation.

Answer 82

A: At least half of the bleeding complications occur when the INR exceeds the therapeutic range; major bleeding events, such as gastrointestinal or intracranial bleeding, can occur as well.

Answer 83

A: Warfarin can be reversed with oral vitamin K for minor INR elevation or serious bleeding treated with intravenous vitamin K and prothrombin complex concentrates.

Answer 84

A: Warfarin is contraindicated in pregnancy due to the risk of fetal abnormalities and in patients with active bleeding or conditions that increase the risk of bleeding, such as thrombocytopenia.

Answer 85

A: Aspirin is a widely used antiplatelet medication and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits platelet aggregation and reduces inflammation.

Answer 86

A: Aspirin produces its antithrombotic effect by irreversibly acetylating cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), leading to the inhibition of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) synthesis, which is critical for platelet activation and aggregation.

Answer 87

A: Aspirin is used for secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with established coronary artery, cerebral artery, or peripheral artery disease.

Answer 88

A: The usual dose of aspirin is between 75–325 mg once daily. Lower doses of 75–100 mg daily are often preferred due to a favorable balance of efficacy and safety.

Answer 89

A: The most common side effects of aspirin are gastrointestinal and include dyspepsia, erosive gastritis, and peptic ulcers, which can lead to bleeding.

Answer 90

A: Recent studies suggest that the potential gastrointestinal and intracerebral hemorrhage risks associated with aspirin may outweigh its benefits in primary prevention for cardiovascular events.

Answer 91

A: Aspirin resistance is the failure of aspirin to adequately prevent thrombotic events in some patients, which may be due to various factors such as poor compliance, drug interactions, or genetic variability.

Answer 92

A: Aspirin should not be administered to patients with a known history of aspirin allergy characterized by bronchospasm, especially those with asthma, chronic urticaria, or nasal polyps.

Answer 93

A: When aspirin is used with other antiplatelet drugs or anticoagulants, low-dose aspirin (75–100 mg daily) is recommended, and the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding may be reduced by administering proton pump inhibitors.

Answer 94

A: Aspirin should be used with caution during pregnancy, especially in the third trimester, due to the potential risks of bleeding; however, low-dose aspirin may be beneficial in certain high-risk patients under medical supervision.

Answer 95

A: Clopidogrel is an oral antiplatelet agent that inhibits platelet aggregation by irreversibly blocking the P2Y12 ADP receptor on platelets.

Answer 96

A: Clopidogrel is a prodrug that requires metabolic activation by the hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme system to produce its active form, which then blocks the P2Y12 receptor, preventing ADP-induced platelet activation.

Answer 97

A: Clopidogrel is indicated for the prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with recent myocardial infarction, recent ischemic stroke, or a history of peripheral artery disease. It is also used in combination with aspirin after coronary stenting.

Answer 98

A: The common initial dose of clopidogrel is 75 mg once daily; however, a loading dose of 300-600 mg may be given for rapid platelet inhibition, especially in urgent situations such as coronary intervention.

Answer 99

A: The most common side effects of clopidogrel include bleeding complications, such as minor bruising or major bleeding events. Other rare side effects include neutropenia and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP).

Answer 100

A: In some studies, clopidogrel has shown to be slightly less effective than aspirin alone for certain primary prevention scenarios, although it is more effective in the context of dual antiplatelet therapy, particularly after stenting.

Answer 101

A: Clopidogrel resistance refers to the variability in the drug's effectiveness among individuals, often linked to genetic polymorphisms in the CYP2C19 enzyme that impair its metabolic activation.

Answer 102

A: Yes, clopidogrel is often used in conjunction with aspirin to enhance antiplatelet effects, particularly in patients with acute coronary syndromes or after stent placement, but this combination increases the risk of bleeding.

Answer 103

A: Caution should be exercised in patients with a high risk of bleeding, and clopidogrel may need to be stopped 5-7 days prior to major surgery to minimize bleeding risks.

Answer 104

A: Alternatives to clopidogrel include other P2Y12 inhibitors such as prasugrel and ticagrelor, which may be more effective in certain populations but come with different efficacy and safety profiles.

Answer 105

A: Prasugrel is an oral antiplatelet medication that inhibits platelet aggregation by irreversibly blocking the P2Y12 ADP receptor.

Answer 106

A: Unlike clopidogrel, prasugrel is more potent and has a more rapid onset of action because it has a more straightforward metabolic activation pathway and does not rely heavily on the CYP450 enzyme system.

Answer 107

A: Prasugrel is indicated for the prevention of thrombotic cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Answer 108

A: After an initial loading dose of 60 mg, prasugrel is given at a daily maintenance dose of 10 mg; however, patients over 75 years old or weighing less than 60 kg should receive 5 mg daily.

Answer 109

A: The most common side effects include bleeding complications, such as major or life-threatening bleeding, and other rare hematologic effects like thrombocytopenia.

Answer 110

A: Prasugrel is contraindicated in patients with a history of prior stroke or transient ischemic attack due to an increased risk of bleeding.

Answer 111

A: In clinical trials, prasugrel was associated with a lower incidence of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction (MI), and stent thrombosis compared to clopidogrel, though it also led to higher rates of bleeding.

Answer 112

A: Prasugrel should typically be discontinued 5-7 days prior to major surgical procedures to reduce the risk of bleeding.

Answer 113

A: Elderly patients (over 75 years old) are at a higher risk of bleeding; thus, a lower maintenance dose of 5 mg is recommended for safety.

Answer 114

A: Prasugrel is often used in combination with aspirin to enhance antiplatelet effects after coronary interventions, particularly PCI.

Answer 115

A: Abciximab is a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist used as an antiplatelet agent to prevent platelet aggregation during and after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Answer 116

A: Abciximab inhibits the binding of fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor to glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors on activated platelets, thereby preventing platelet aggregation.

Answer 117

A: Abciximab is indicated for use in patients undergoing PCI and is especially beneficial for those who have not been pretreated with other antiplatelet agents like aspirin or clopidogrel.

Answer 118

A: Abciximab is given as an intravenous bolus (0.25 mg/kg) followed by an infusion (0.125 µg/kg/min) for up to 12 hours.

Answer 119

A: Common side effects include bleeding complications and thrombocytopenia, which is immune-mediated and can be severe in some patients.

Answer 120

A: Abciximab is a Fab fragment of a humanized monoclonal antibody, giving it a long plasma half-life and a prolonged effect on platelet aggregation inhibition.

Answer 121

A: Platelet counts should be monitored, especially if thrombocytopenia is suspected, as this condition can occur approximately in 5% of patients treated with abciximab.

Answer 122

A: If serious bleeding occurs, abciximab should be discontinued immediately, and supportive measures should be taken, including potential platelet transfusions.

Answer 123

A: Abciximab is particularly beneficial in high-risk patients undergoing PCI who may require intensive antiplatelet therapy to decrease the risk of events like stent thrombosis.

Answer 124

A: Yes, abciximab is contraindicated in patients with active bleeding, severe hypertension, and in those with a history of stroke within the last 30 days.

Answer 125

A: Dipyridamole is an antiplatelet agent that inhibits platelet aggregation, often used in combination with aspirin for secondary prevention of thromboembolic events.

Answer 126

A: Dipyridamole works by inhibiting phosphodiesterase, leading to increased levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in platelets, which inhibits platelet activation and aggregation.

Answer 127

A: Dipyridamole is available in an oral form, and it is often used in an extended-release formulation combined with low-dose aspirin, known as Aggrenox.

Answer 128

A: Dipyridamole is indicated for the secondary prevention of stroke in patients with a history of transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) or ischemic stroke when used in combination with aspirin.

Answer 129

A: Studies have shown that dipyridamole combined with aspirin can reduce the risk of recurrent stroke compared to aspirin alone.

Answer 130

A: Common side effects include headaches, gastrointestinal complaints, dizziness, facial flushing, and hypotension due to its vasodilatory effects.

Answer 131

A: Dipyridamole should be used cautiously in patients with coronary artery disease due to its potential vasodilatory effects.

Answer 132

A: Due to limited data supporting its effectiveness in this population and the risk of vasodilatory side effects, alternative antiplatelet therapies, such as clopidogrel, are preferred.

Answer 133

A: Dipyridamole is generally not effective as a monotherapy for antiplatelet treatment; it is most effective when used in combination with aspirin.

Answer 134

A: Cilostazol is an antiplatelet medication primarily used to treat intermittent claudication in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD).

Answer 135

A: Cilostazol inhibits phosphodiesterase type 3 (PDE3), leading to increased levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in platelets, which reduces platelet aggregation and promotes vasodilation.

Answer 136

A: Cilostazol is indicated for the management of intermittent claudication, improving walking distance and quality of life in patients with PAD.

Answer 137

A: The typical dosing regimen for cilostazol is 100 mg taken twice daily.

Answer 138

A: Common side effects include headache, diarrhea, dizziness, palpitations, and peripheral edema.

Answer 139

A: Yes, cilostazol is contraindicated in patients with heart failure of any severity due to potential worsening of the condition.

Answer 140

A: Cilostazol is specifically effective for improving exercise tolerance in patients with PAD, but it may not be as widely used for other indications like myocardial infarction prevention.

Answer 141

A: Yes, cilostazol can be used with other agents like aspirin, but careful monitoring is necessary to avoid increased bleeding risk.

Answer 142

A: Cilostazol may take several weeks to show significant improvement in symptoms, thus patience and adherence to the treatment regimen are essential.

Answer 143

A: Patients should be advised to engage in a supervised exercise program and make lifestyle changes such as smoking cessation to maximize the benefits of cilostazol.

Answer 144

A: Ticagrelor is an oral antiplatelet medication used to reduce the risk of thrombotic cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome or those undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.

Answer 145

A: Ticagrelor selectively inhibits the P2Y12 ADP receptor on platelets, leading to reversible inhibition of platelet activation and aggregation, which helps prevent clot formation.

Answer 146

A: Ticagrelor has a more rapid onset of action than clopidogrel, as it does not require metabolic activation.

Answer 147

A: The usual dosing regimen for ticagrelor is an initial loading dose of 180 mg, followed by 90 mg twice daily.

Answer 148

A: Ticagrelor is indicated for the secondary prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome and can also be used following percutaneous coronary intervention.

Answer 149

A: Common side effects include bleeding, dyspnea (shortness of breath), and asymptomatic ventricular pauses.

Answer 150

A: Ticagrelor is primarily metabolized in the liver via the CYP3A4 enzyme, which can be affected by other medications that inhibit or induce this enzyme.

Answer 151

A: Ticagrelor should be discontinued at least 5 days prior to major surgery to reduce the risk of bleeding.

Answer 152

A: Unlike clopidogrel, ticagrelor provides greater and more predictable inhibition of platelet aggregation, making it a preferred option in higher-risk patients.

Answer 153

A: While platelet transfusions may not be effective due to ticagrelor's mechanism, a reversal agent called bentracimab is under development to rapidly reverse ticagrelor's effects in emergency situations.

Answer 154

What is dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT)? A: DAPT is the use of two antiplatelet medications concurrently to reduce the risk of thrombotic events, typically combining aspirin with a second antiplatelet agent, such as clopidogrel or ticagrelor.

Answer 155

A: DAPT is used to prevent cardiovascular events, particularly after procedures like coronary stenting or in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Answer 156

A: DAPT is used to prevent cardiovascular events, particularly after procedures like coronary stenting or in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Answer 157

A: Indications include post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI).

Answer 158

A: Aspirin irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), leading to decreased thromboxane A2 production, which reduces platelet activation and aggregation.

Answer 159

A: Clopidogrel irreversibly inhibits the P2Y12 ADP receptor on platelets, preventing their activation and aggregation in response to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).

Answer 160

A: DAPT is usually recommended for at least 6-12 months after drug-eluting stent placement, while bare metal stents typically require at least 1 month of DAPT.

Answer 161

A: The main risk is increased bleeding, including gastrointestinal bleeding and intracranial hemorrhage, particularly in older adults or those with a history of bleeding disorders.

Answer 162

A: Ticagrelor is a reversible inhibitor of the P2Y12 receptor, has a faster onset of action, and does not require metabolic activation, making it more effective in some patients.

Answer 163

A: Factors include the type of stent used, the patient's risk of thrombotic versus bleeding events, and clinical guidelines based on the patient's overall health and history of cardiovascular disease.

B.44 Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet TX Flashcards

(188 cards)