B4M2Q3 21-22

Question 1

In the Starling equation, this refers to the hydraulic conductance of the capillary wall:
A. Capillary hydrostatic pressure
B. Fluid flow
C. Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
D. Filtration coefficient

Answer 1

D. Filtration coefficient

Question 2

The first step in the baroreceptor reflex is –
A. when mean arterial pressure goes greater than 100mmHg it stretches the walls
of the carotid sinus and the aortic arch.
B. an increase in mean arterial pressure produces an increase in parasympathetic
outflow to the heart.
C. when stretch is detected, it will increase the firing of the Hering’s nerve.
D. a decrease in the sympathetic outflow to the heart and blood vessels.

Answer 2

A. when mean arterial pressure goes greater than 100mmHg it stretches the walls
of the carotid sinus and the aortic arch.

Question 3

Pulse pressure is:
A. the average arterial pressure with respect to time
B. the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures
C. the highest arterial pressure during a cardiac cycle
D. the lowest arterial pressure during a cardiac cycle

Answer 3

B. the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures

Question 4

Which of the following statement describes the relationship of venous pressure and blood flow?
A. Pressure in the neck veins falls so low that atmospheric pressure on the outside
of the neck causes it to collapse.
B. Veins from the arms are compressed by the sharp angulation over the 4th rib.
C. Pressure in the peripheral veins in a person lying down is usually 0 mmHg.
D. Small veins have little resistance to blood flow when distended.

Answer 4

A. Pressure in the neck veins falls so low that atmospheric pressure on the outside
of the neck causes it to collapse.

Question 5

How is the central venous pressure accurately measured?
A. Inserting a catheter at the internal jugular vein.
B. Observing the degree of distention in the neck veins in supine position.
C. Inserting a catheter at the external jugular vein.
D. Catheter can be measured in any peripheral veins.

Answer 5

A. Inserting a catheter at the internal jugular vein.

Question 6

In metabolic hypothesis as a mechanism that explain local control of blood flow, tissue
supply O2 is matched to tissue demand for O2. As a result, vasodilator metabolites
are produced and these include which of the following?
A. ATP
B. Lactate
C. Carbon monoxide
D. Nitrogen

Answer 6

B. Lactate

Question 7

Dolores was diagnosed with severe heart failure. What is the expected right atrial
pressure with this condition?
A. -10 mmHg
B. 0 mmHg
C. -3 mm Hg
D. 20mm Hg

Answer 7

D. 20mm Hg

Question 8

Taking the blood pressure by palpatory method determines:
A. mean arterial pressure
B. pulse pressure
C. diastolic pressure
D. systolic pressure

Answer 8

D. systolic pressure

Question 9

Which of the following primary forces tends to cause osmosis of fluid outward through
the capillary membrane?
A. capillary pressure
B. plasma colloid osmotic pressure
C. interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure
D. plasma oncotic pressure

Answer 9

C. interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

Question 10

A 45-year-old obese male came in for annual physical exam. You only have a regular
sized cuff available to take his blood pressure. You notice that it cannot completely
encircle his arm properly. This may lead to:
A. Normally elevated BP
B. Normal BP measurement
C. A falsely elevated BP
D. A falsely low BP

Answer 10

C. A falsely elevated BP

Question 11

Which of the following condition increases the venous return?
A. Constriction of the arterioles
B. Heart failure
C. Severe hemorrhage
D. Increase in peripheral resistance

Answer 11

B. Heart failure

Question 12

The most important determinant of pulse pressure:
A. stroke volume
B. blood pressure
C. amplitude
D. heart rate

Answer 12

A. stroke volume

Question 13

It is the net pressure that drives reabsorption which drives the movement of fluid from
the interstitial fluid back into the capillaries:
A. hydrostatic pressure
B. gauge pressure
C. absolute pressure
D. osmotic pressure

Answer 13

D. osmotic pressure

Question 14

In autoregulation, blood flow to an organ remains constant over a wide range of
perfusion pressures. Which of the following organs exhibit autoregulation?
A. Pancreas
B. Spleen
C. Liver
D. Kidney

Answer 14

D. Kidney

Question 15

What will you expect when Angiotensin Converting Enzyme is inhibited from acting on
Angiotensin I?
A. Angiotensin II will stimulate the release of aldosterone
B. increase in blood volume and mean arterial pressure
C. decrease in blood volume and mean arterial pressure
D. renin will catalyze the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1

Answer 15

C. decrease in blood volume and mean arterial pressure

Question 16

With regards to the structure of the capillary bed, capillaries branch off from
metarterioles. The junction is a band of smooth muscle called:
A. Precapillary sphincter
B. Junctional smooth muscle
C. Preferential channel
D. Postcapillary venule muscle

Answer 16

A. Precapillary sphincter

Question 17

Large water-soluble substances can cross the capillary wall by:
A. Simple diffusion
B. Pinocytosis
C. Via water-filled clefts
D. Facilitated diffusion

Answer 17

B. Pinocytosis

Question 18

This pulse characteristic correlates well with pulse pressure:
A. Speed of upstroke
B. Contour
C. Amplitude
D. Rate

Answer 18

C. Amplitude

Question 19

Romeo is a police trainee and is used to standing still for a long time. Which of the
following describes the effect of gravitational pressure on the venous pressure while
standing?
A. Pressure in the veins of the feet is about +90mmHg.
B. Pressure at the level of the top rib increases due to compression of the jugular
vein.
C. Veins inside the skull are collapsible due to neck thus pressure is about
10mmHg.
D. Pressure in the right atrium increases to 4 mmHg.

Answer 19

A. Pressure in the veins of the feet is about +90mmHg.

Question 20

There are substances that can cross the capillary wall. Which of the following is a lipid
soluble substance that can cross the membranes of capillary endothelial cells by
simple diffusion?
A. protein
B. carbon dioxide
C. amino acid
D. glucose

Answer 20

B. carbon dioxide

Question 21

Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Aldosterone inhibits the reabsorption of salt by the distal tubules of the kidney.
B. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors can lower blood pressure by
blocking the production of Angiotensin II
C. An increase in renal perfusion releases renin from the juxtaglomerular cells of
the afferent arteriole.
D. Angiotensin II causes the vasodilation of arterioles.

Answer 21

B. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors can lower blood pressure by
blocking the production of Angiotensin II

Question 22

Normal blood pressure for adults according to JNC 8
A. 120-139/80-89
B. 140/90
C. <120/<80
D. 120/80

Answer 22

C. <120/<80

Question 23

Based on the Fick’s Law, which one is true?
A. Rate of diffusion is directly proportional to the thickness of membrane
B. Rate of diffusion is directly proportional to the temperature
C. Rate of diffusion is indirectly proportional to the concentration difference
D. Rate of diffusion is directly proportional to the surface area

Answer 23

D. Rate of diffusion is directly proportional to the surface area

Question 24

Which of the following provides increase in venous return to the heart?
A. Positive inotropic agents
B. Decrease in blood volume
C. Negative inotropic agents
D. Increase in TPR

Answer 24

A. Positive inotropic agents

Question 25

Pressure on this pulse may decrease the blood flow to the brain and induce syncope A. Popliteal artery B. Carotid artery C. Radial artery D. Brachial artery

Answer 25

B. Carotid artery

Question 26

As part of the Cushing reaction, increases in intracranial pressure cause compression of the cerebral blood vessels and cerebral ischemia. What is an expected response? A. Heart rate is increased B. Contractility and TPR are decreased C. Decrease in sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow D. Elevation of mean arterial pressure

Answer 26

D. Elevation of mean arterial pressure

Question 27

What immediate consequence is most likely to occur in a person with massive blood loss? A. Increase in central venous pressure B. Decrease mean circulatory filling pressure C. Decreased in right atrial pressure D. No change in the central venous pressure

Answer 27

C. Decreased in right atrial pressure

Question 28

Which of the following is correct about TRUE capillaries? A. Contains smooth muscle B. Consist of double layer of endothelial cells C. Larger than arterioles D. Surrounded by a basement membrane

Answer 28

D. Surrounded by a basement membrane

Question 29

"White coat hypertension" refers to increase in blood pressure – A. due to aging. B. among men who have higher blood pressure compared to women. C. due to nervousness in the doctor's office. D. due to exercise.

Answer 29

C. due to nervousness in the doctor's office.

Question 30

Which of the following is true about small-water soluble substances that can cross the capillary wall? A. These substances include water and amino acids B. Generally, protein molecules pass freely through the clefts C. These substances can cross via pinocytosis D. In the liver and intestine, the clefts are exceptionally tight

Answer 30

A. These substances include water and amino acids

Question 31

Which of the following statements is correct about intrinsic control of blood flow? A. If perfusion pressure to the heart is suddenly decreased, there will be a compensatory vasoconstriction in order to maintain a constant flow. B. Blood flow to an organ is inversely proportional to its metabolic activity. C. If metabolic activity in skeletal muscle decreases as a result of strenuous exercise, blood flow to the muscle will increase proportionately to meet metabolic demands. D. The longer the period of occlusion, the greater the increase in blood flow above pre-occlusion levels.

Answer 31

D. The longer the period of occlusion, the greater the increase in blood flow above pre-occlusion levels.

Question 32

Which of the following factors increase filtration? A. Decreased arterial pressure B. Decreased venous pressure C. Decreased protein concentration in blood D. Adequate lymphatic function

Answer 32

C. Decreased protein concentration in blood

Question 33

What are some of the factors that increases splanchnic circulation? A. autonomous regulation B. local arteriolar resistance as perfusion pressure C. stretch of vascular smooth muscles which triggers reflex contraction D. increase gut activity and increase local vasodilator hormones

Answer 33

D. increase gut activity and increase local vasodilator hormones

Question 34

Ohm's Law on the relationship of cardiac output and total peripheral vascular resistance states, "when the total peripheral vascular resistance increases above normal, cardiac output – A. falls. B. increases. C. remains normal. D. is unchanged.

Answer 34

A. falls.

Question 35

Which of the following value refers to a Right Atrial Pressure in a normal healthy adult? A. -3 mm Hg B. 20mm Hg C. 0 mmHg D. -10 mmHg

Answer 35

C. 0 mmHg

Question 36

Which of the following organs where the capillary density is highest in the tissues? A. heart B. abdomen C. lower extremities D. brain

Answer 36

A. heart

Question 37

The following method is used to take which pulse from which artery? Using the index and middle fingers or thumb of your opposite hand, cup your hand under the patient's elbow and feel for the pulse just medial to the biceps tendon. The patient's arm should rest with the elbow extended, palm up. With your free hand, you may need to flex the elbow to a varying degree to get optimal muscular relaxation. A. Brachial B. Popliteal C. Carotid D. Radial

Answer 37

A. Brachial

Question 38

Which of the following accurately describes venous return? A. It is the right ventricular pressure B. The pressure in the left atrium C. The quantity of blood flowing from the veins in the right atrium per minute. D. The pressure in the peripheral veins

Answer 38

C. The quantity of blood flowing from the veins in the right atrium per minute.

Question 39

These are found in between the endothelial cells and allow passage of water-soluble substances: A. Terminal metarterioles B. Precapillary sphincter C. Pores D. Postcapillary venules

Answer 39

C. Pores

Question 40

What is responsible for oncotic pressure? A. protein concentration difference in plasma and interstitial fluid. B. small hydrophilic substances like glucose, amino acids, or anything smaller than plasma proteins C. increase blood flow during a period of increased MAP washes out vasodilator metabolites D. movement of blood volume out of splanchnic vessels

Answer 40

A. protein concentration difference in plasma and interstitial fluid.

Question 41

Renin is released from the: A. kidney B. lungs C. adrenal gland D. heart

Answer 41

A. kidney

Question 42

Which of the following best describes coronary circulation? A. Increases in sympathetic tone cause vasoconstriction; decrease in sympathetic tone cause vasodilation B. During systole, mechanical compression of the coronary vessels increases blood flow. C. Sympathetic nerves play a major role. D. Reactive hyperemia occurs after the period of occlusion to repay the O2 debt.

Answer 42

D. Reactive hyperemia occurs after the period of occlusion to repay the O2 debt.

Question 43

A 45-year-old Filipino male came in for annual physical exam. Upon getting his blood pressure, you note a reading on 135/85mmHg. According to the 2020 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension in the Philippines, he is classified as having: A. Hypertension B. Borderline BP C. Normal BP D. Hypotension

Answer 43

B. Borderline BP

Question 44

The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System regulates blood pressure by adjustment of: A. peripheral vascular resistance B. blood volume C. decrease of sympathetic outflow to the blood vessels D. parasympathetic outflow to the heart

Answer 44

B. blood volume

Question 45

When a person exhales, which of the following event occurs? A. Increase in abdominal pressure B. Increase thoracic pressure C. Decrease end-diastolic volume D. Decrease cardiac output

Answer 45

B. Increase thoracic pressure

Question 46

Which of the following term refers to pressure in the right atrium? A. Peripheral venous pressure B. Mean Circulatory filling pressure C. Mean systemic pressure D. Central venous pressure

Answer 46

D. Central venous pressure

Question 47

A patient was rushed to the ER after sudden severe chest pain. Work-up revealed an acute myocardial infarction. The patient is noted to be diaphoretic with cool, clammy skin and is hypotensive with a BP of 60/40. The physician on duty is considering cardiogenic shock. Which of the following is an expected pulse finding? A. Strong pulse B. Weak, thready pulse C. Normal pulsations D. Bounding puls

Answer 47

B. Weak, thready pulse

Question 48

Decreased in capillary oncotic pressure caused by the decreased in protein concentration in blood may lead to increased infiltration. Which of the following diseases usually precipitates edema? A. Anaphylaxis B. Congestive Heart Failure C. Malnutrition D. Burns

Answer 48

C. Malnutrition

Question 49

How many liters of lymph is generated per day? A. 3 L per day, 100 ml/hr in resting human B. 5 L per day, 150 ml/hr in resting human C. 2 L per day, 50 ml/hr rate in resting human D. 4 L per day, 120 ml/hr in resting human

Answer 49

A. 3 L per day, 100 ml/hr in resting human

Question 50

Which of the following pressures forces the fluid out of the capillary? A. absolute B. hydrostatic C. gauge D. osmotic

Answer 50

B. hydrostatic