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Biology > B5 > Flashcards

B5 Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteria vs virus

A

Bacteria is single called and small
Virus is even smaller, regular shaped, causes disease in all organisms

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2
Q

How bacteria causes disease

A

Divide rapidly by binary fission (splitting in two)
May produce toxins
Some directly damage your cells

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3
Q

How virus causes disease

A

Take over cells in your body
Live and reproduce inside cells, damaging and destroying them

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4
Q

How pathogens are spread

A

Air - droplets from coughs and sneezes that other people breathe in
Direct contact - sexual, cuts, scratches, needle punctures
Water/ food - contaminated

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5
Q

How to grow bacteria in a lab

A
  • provide a culture medium (liquid or gel containing everything they need)
  • pour agar gel into a petri dish
  • sterilise everything
  • inoculate the sterile agar with the microorganism
  • incubate petri dish upside down
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6
Q

Safety precautions in growing bacteria (ascetic technique)

A
  • Petri dish and agar gel must be sterilised. Glass dishes can be heated as the steam at high pressure sterilises it, plastic dishes are usually already sterilised, UV light can be used to kill bacteria
  • sterilise inoculating loop by heating it until it is red hot then letting it cool down to room temperature
  • put lid straight back on and stick it down to avoid contamination
  • incubate at maximum 25 degrees (not body temperature)
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7
Q

What did Ignaz Semmelweis do

A

Discovered washing hands lowered death rates from childbed fever

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8
Q

How does hygiene prevent spread of communicable diseases

A

Wash hands
Use disinfectant
Keep raw meat isolated
Cough or sneeze into tissue

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9
Q

How does isolation prevent the spread of communicable diseases

A

Infected person should be isolated
Fewer people in contact with the pathogen, the less likely it will be spread on

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10
Q

How to prevent spread of vector diseases

A

Destroy/ control the number of vectors

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11
Q

How does vaccination prevent spread of disease

A

Doctors inject harmless amount of pathogen into body. If you come into contact with pathogen again, you will not become ill

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12
Q

Is measles virus, bacteria, fungal or protist

A

Virus

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13
Q

Cause, symptoms and treatment of measles

A

Symptoms = fever and red rash
Cause = inhalation of droplets from coughs or sneezes (very contagious)
Treatment = no treatment so infected people must isolate although young people are vaccinated against it
Other info = can cause blindness, brain damage or be fatal

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14
Q

Is HIV/aids virus, bacteria, fungal or protist

A

Virus

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15
Q

Symptoms of HIV/ aids

A

Mild flu and illness to begin
Attacks immune system and remains hidden s the body can’t deal with infections or certain cancers

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16
Q

How is HIV spread

A

Sexual contact and exchange of bodily fluids

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17
Q

Cure for HIV/ aids

A

No cure
Can be prevented through condoms, not sharing needles, screening blood & mothers bottle - feeding
Development of aids can be prevented through antiretroviral drugs

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18
Q

Is TMV virus, bacteria, fungal or protist

A

Virus

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19
Q

TMV symptoms

A

Mosaic pattern of discolouration on leaves as it kills cells, effects growth as leaves can’t photosynthesise

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20
Q

How TMV is spread

A

Direct contact between diseased plants and healthy plants

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21
Q

Treatment of TMV

A

No treatment so farmers now grow TMV-resistant strains of crops

22
Q

Is salmonella virus, bacteria, fungal or protist

A

Bacteria

23
Q

Cause of salmonella

A

Lives in guts of animals
Found in raw meat, poultry, eggs and egg products
Undercooked food and poor food hygiene are main causes

24
Q

Symptoms of salmonella

A

Sick
Fever
Abdominal cramps
Diarrhoea

25
Q

Preventing salmonella

A

In the UK, poultry is vaccinated against salmonella
Keep raw chicken away from food that does not need to be cooked
Do not wash raw chicken as it spreads the bacteria around
Wash surfaces and hands after handling raw chicken
Cook chicken thoroughly

26
Q

Is gonorrhoea virus, bacteria, fungal or protist

A

Bacteria

27
Q

How is gonorrhoea spread

A

Unprotected sexual contact with infected person

28
Q

Symptoms of gonorrhoea

A

Thick yellow discharge
Pain when urinating
Some experience no symptoms at all
Untreated gonorrhoea can lead to:
Infertility
Long-term pelvic pain
Ectopic pregnancies

29
Q

Treatment of gonorrhoea

A

Antibiotics
Antibiotic resistant strains have come out now
Prevented using a barrier method of contraception

30
Q

Fungal diseases in humans

A

Rare
Tend to cause little damage
Small number can be fatal
Anti fungal drugs can be used to treat skin conditions like athletes foot

31
Q

Is rose black spot virus, bacteria, fungal or protist

A

Fungal

32
Q

Symptoms of rose black spot

A

Purple/ black spots to appear on leaves
Leaves often turn yellow and drop early reducing photosynthesis meaning they don’t flower or grow as well

33
Q

How is rose black spot spread

A

The spores of the fungus are spread through the environment by wind. Spread from one leaf to another when it rains in the droplets of water

34
Q

Treatment of rose black spot

A

Cut off and burn affected leaves and stems
Chemical fungicides help treat the disease and prevent it spreading

35
Q

Is malaria virus, bacteria, fungal or protist

A

Protist

36
Q

Symptoms of malaria

A

Recurrent episodes of fever and shaking
Usually fatal
Slowly weakens the body

37
Q

Cause of malaria

A

Protists are transported into blood stream by mosquitos
Protists travel around the circulatory system damaging the liver and red blood cells
Protists burst out of red blood cells

38
Q

Treatment of malaria

A

If diagnosed early, a series of drugs can be used
The protists can become resistant though
Spread can be prevented by controlling amount of mosquitos:
- mosquito nets
- mosquito spray
- prevent them breeding
- travellers should take antimalarial drugs with them

39
Q

How does skin act as a defence

A
  • physical barrier
  • clotting cuts
  • produces a anti microbial secretions
  • covered in healthy microorganisms that act as an extra layer
40
Q

Defence of respiratory and digestive systems

A
  • nose is full of hair and mucus that traps particles that may contain pathogens before entering the lungs
  • trachea and bronchi secrete mucus that also traps pathogens in air particles
  • stomach contains acid that destroys microorganisms in mucus that you swallow
41
Q

3 roles of white blood cells

A

Ingesting micro organisms
Producing antibodies
Producing antitoxins

42
Q

Two types of white blood cells

A

Phagocytes
Lymphocytes

43
Q

What do phagocytes do

A

Engulf the pathogen
Attracted to pathogen and then binds to it
The phagocyte membrane surrounds the pathogen
Enzymes in the phagocyte break down the pathogen

44
Q

What do lymphocytes do

A

They recognise proteins on the surface of pathogens called antigens. Lymphocytes detect that these are foreign not naturally occurring within your body and produce antibodies. This can take a few days, during which time you may feel ill. The antibodies cause pathogens to stick together and make it easier for phagocytes to engulf them. Some pathogens produce toxins which make you feel ill. Lymphocytes can also produce antitoxins to neutralise these toxins

45
Q

What are aphids

A

Plant pests
Sharp teeth that pierce into phloem
Attack in huge numbers, depriving plant of photosynthesis resources
Also act as vectors for bacteria, fungal and viral pathogens

46
Q

How to stop aphids

A

Chemical pesticides
Biological pest control

47
Q

Magnesium deficiency in plants

A

Magnesium used to make chlorophyll
Leaves become yellow
Growth slows as plant can’t photosynthesise fully
Known as chlorosis

48
Q

Nitrate ion deficiency in plants

A

Convert sugars from photosynthesis into proteins
Protein growth will be limited
Growth of plant will be stunted

49
Q

Symptoms of diseases in plants

A
  • discoloured leaves
  • stunted growth
  • spots on leaves
  • areas of decay
  • growths
  • malformed stems and leaves
  • presence of pests
50
Q

Plants physical barriers

A
  • cellulose cell wall resist invasion from microorganisms
  • tough waxy cuticle on top of leaves
  • bark on trees and layer of dead cells on outside of stems makes it hard for pathogens to penetrate through
  • leaf fall
51
Q

Chemical barriers in plants

A
  • antibacterial chemicals protect them against invading pathogens
  • found in pines, cypress and euphorbias
52
Q
A

Biology (5 decks)

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