B5

Question 1

how do viruses reproduce

Answer 1

take over a cell and program it to produce more viruses

Question 2

what do bacteria do

Answer 2

release toxins which damage our cells

Question 3

name two plant diseases

Answer 3

Rose Black Spot(fungus) - causes leaves to fall off
Tobaccos mosaic virus - cause less chlorophyll - discolored leaves and less growth

Question 4

name 4 ways our body protects us form pathogens

Answer 4

skin
mucus in nose which traps them
Acid and enzymes kill pathogens
white blood cells

Question 5

name 3 ways white blood cells fight againts pathogens

Answer 5

lymphocytes - antitoxins(neutralises toxins made by pathogen) - antibodies(bind to antigen which stops them form infecting cells)
Phagocytes-injesting the cell
White blood cells remember the pathogen

Question 6

how do you find put the number of bacteria at the end of a growth period

Answer 6

number of bacteria at the start x 2^number of divisions

Question 7

what is a fungus

Answer 7

damages cells

Question 8

what are protists

Answer 8

single-celled organisms are usually transferred by vectors

Question 9

what is a vaccine

Answer 9

dead or inactive version if a virus in your body so you can get immunity without becoming ill

Question 10

what is the first stage of a drug test(preclinical)

Answer 10

tested on cells and tissues test efficacy and toxicity then tested on animals

Question 11

what is the 2nd stage of the drug test ()

Answer 11

give healthy volunteers a low dose then increase it to find the max dosage with side effects

give it to sick volunteers and slowly increase the dosage to find the optimum dosage (efficacy is maximised whereas the toxicity is minimised)

Question 12

what is a placebo

Answer 12

an inactive substance made to look like the real drug for researchers to use as a control