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Biology > B5 > Flashcards

B5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The regulation of a constant internal environment 

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2
Q

In humans, what does homeostasis regulate?

A

Blood glucose (sugar) levels, the body temperature, CO2 levels and water levels

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3
Q

What are the two automatic control systems that regulate the bodies constant internal environment?

A

Nervous system and endocrine system

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4
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

Information about the environment

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5
Q

What is information about the environment detected by?

A

Receptor

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6
Q

The information detected by the receptor is processed by what

A

The central coordination system

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7
Q

What are the steps of the nervous path?

A

Stimulus receptor, censoring neuron, CNS motor neuron, effector, and response

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8
Q

Example of effectors are

A

Muscles or glands

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9
Q

Where is the putuitary gland? 

A

In the brain

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10
Q

What is a reflex?

A

A fast automatic response to a particular stimulus, which may be harmful to the organism

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11
Q

Why are reflexes quick?

A

Because there is no conscious thought, or process to deliver their response 

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12
Q

What is the pathway which carries the information about a reflex action called?

A

Reflex arc

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13
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers transported in the bloodstream to an effector where they can activate a response

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14
Q

What is the speed, duration and target area of neurons (nervous system)?

A

-speed is fast duration is short and target area is specific

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15
Q

What is the speed, duration and target area of hormones?

A

The speed is slow. The duration is long and the target area is general.

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16
Q

What is the piturity gland?

A

Produces a range of hormones, including FSH and LH

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17
Q

What is type one diabetes?

A

When the pancreas does not produce enough insulin to control the blood sugar levels, so the levels become higher than normal

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18
Q

How is type one diabetes usually treated?

A

Injections of insulin

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19
Q

What is type two diabetes?

A

Disorder of effective cells, which no longer respond to the hormones released from the pancreas

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20
Q

How is type two diabetes managed?

A

Through lifestyle choices, such as maintaining a carbohydrate controlled diet and a regular exercise

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21
Q

What is oestrogen and where is it produced?

A

Is the main reproductive hormone in females and is produced in the ovaries

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22
Q

What is testosterone and where is it produced?

A

Main reproductive hormone in males. It is produced in the testes and this hormone stimulates the production of sperm.

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23
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Is the organ and gland which monitors and regulates the blood glucose levels

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24
Q

What happens if the blood glucose concentration becomes too low?

A

Pancreas releases glucagon, which acts on the liver and muscles to cause the stored glycogen to be converted back into glucose and released in the bloodstream

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25
Q

What happens if the blood glucose concentration becomes too high?

A

Pancreas releases insulin which causes the cells to absorb glucose, liver and muscles, convert the glucose into glycogen to be stored

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26
Q

What are the four main reproductive hormones of the menstrual cycle?

A
  • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • oestrogen
  • luteinising hormone (LH)
  • progesterone
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27
Q

Where is FSH produced?

A

In the pituitary gland

28
Q

What is the response caused by FSH?

A

An egg to develop in one of the ovaries

29
Q

How does FSH interact with other hormones (ht only)?

A

Stimulates the production of oestrogen

30
Q

Where is the hormone oestrogen produced?

A

Ovaries

31
Q

What is the response caused by oestrogen?

A

The lining of the uterus building up and thickening

32
Q

How does oestrogen interact with other hormones (HT only)?

A

Stimulates the production of LH, inhibits the production of FSH.

33
Q

Where is the hormone LH produced?

A

Pituitary gland

34
Q

What is the response cause by LH?

A

Ovulation (at around day 14 of the cycle)

35
Q

How does LH interact with other hormones (HT only)?

A

Indirectly stimulates the production of progesterone

36
Q

What is HT?

A

Hormone therapy, uses one or more hormone to treat symptoms of menopause

37
Q

Where is progesterone produced?

A

Ovaries

38
Q

How does progesterone interact with other hormones (ht only)

A

Inhibits the production of LH

39
Q

Is the pill, hormonal or a non-hormonal contraceptive?

A

Hormonal

40
Q

How does the pill work?

A

Pill taken, which contains hormones to inhibit FSH, so that an egg does not mature

41
Q

Pros of the pill

A

Easily self-administered
short-term effects
can easily be reversed
very reliable 

42
Q

Cons of the pill

A

May have mild side-effects associated
Could lead to pregnancy if missed
Does not protect from STI

43
Q

Is the implant, hormonal or non-hormonal

A

Hormonal

44
Q

How does the implant work?

A

Contains progesterone, which is slowly released to inhibit the release of eggs for months or even years

45
Q

Pros of the implant

A
  • Administered through routine appointment at GP surgery
  • Requires little to know, after-care or maintenance
  • Very reliable
46
Q

Cons of the implant

A
  • May take time for effect to be reversed once removed
  • Does not protect from STI’s
47
Q

Is using a condom, hormonal, or non-hormonal

A

Non-hormonal

48
Q

How do condoms work?

A

Create a physical barrier to prevent sperm from reaching the egg

49
Q

Pros of condoms

A
  • Easy to use,
  • short-term effects
  • very reliable
  • provides protection from most STI’s
50
Q

Cons of using condoms

A

Can fail

51
Q

Is the coil, hormonal or non-hormonal

A

Hormonal

52
Q

How does the coil work?

A

The device is attached to the lining of the uterus and releases, hormones or prevents the implantation of an embryo

53
Q

Pros of the coil

A

Requires little to know, after-care or maintenance
Very reliable

54
Q

Cons of the coil

A

May take some time for effect to be reversed once removed
Does not protect from STIs

55
Q

Is spermicidal, agents, hormonal, or non-hormonal

A

Non-hormonal

56
Q

How does spermicidal agents work?

A

Contains chemicals to kill or immobilise sperm cells

57
Q

Pros of spermicidal agents

A

Easy to use
Short-term effects

58
Q

Cons of spermicidal agents

A

Does not protect from STI
Less effective when used as the only method

59
Q

What are the stages of in vitro fertilisation (IVF)?

A
  • the woman is given FSH and LH to stimulate the ovaries to mature and release eggs
  • the eggs are then collected from the woman and fertilised using sperm. This is done in a lab
  • the fertilised eggs become embryos
  • one or two embryos are inserted into the woman’s uterus for implantation
  • if successful the pregnancy progresses
60
Q

Cons of IVF

A
  • stressful and emotional
  • success rates are low
  • carry a higher chance of twins, triplets etc. This carries a risk to mother and babies
  • expensive
61
Q

Where is adrenaline produced?

A

Adrenal glands

62
Q

What does adrenaline respond to?

A

Stress or fear

63
Q

What is adrenaline’s effect?

A

Increase the heart rate and breathing rate and cause vasodilation (widening of the blood vessels) in order to supply the brain and muscles with more oxygen and glucose

64
Q

Where is thyroxine produced?

A

Thyroid gland

65
Q

What does thyroxine do?

A

Stimulates the rate of metabolism in the body by controlling how quickly food products and oxygen are reacted, therefore controlling how quickly energy is released

Biology (7 decks)

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