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AQA GCSE Biology > B5 (Communicable diseases) > Flashcards

B5 (Communicable diseases) Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by good health?

A

Someone who is healthy, is free from any illness or injuries.

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2
Q

What factors affect your health?

A

Diet, stress, sleep

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3
Q

What is a disease?

A

A particular abnormal physical condition that usually negatively effects an organism. Usually has symptoms.

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4
Q

How can you maintain your health?

A

Eat fruit and vegetables on daily basis. Drink plenty of water. Also important for daily exercise.

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5
Q

What is communicable disease?

A

A disease that can spread through water, air or contact. For example, COVID-19.

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6
Q

What is a non-communicable disease?

A

A disease that can not spread through air, contact or water e.g cancer, stroke.

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7
Q

What is cancer?

A

Rapid and uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells. (Non-communicable disease).

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8
Q

What is heart disease?

A

Any condition that weakens the heart and blood vessels and makes them less functional (Non-communicable disease).

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9
Q

What is diabetes?

A

Inability to control blood sugar levels (Non-communicable disease).

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10
Q

What is respiratory disease?

A

Diseases that affect the lungs e.g asthma, COPD (Non-communicable disease).

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11
Q

What is Arthritis?

A

Diseases of the joints marked by painful swelling and stiffness.

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12
Q

What is an allergy?

A

Extremely sensitive to a substance.

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13
Q

What is meant by a risk factor?

A

Something that will increase your chance of getting a disease.

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14
Q

What is meant by epidemiology prevalence?

A

The number of people diagnosed with a particular disease in a particular population of people at a particular time.

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15
Q

What is prevalence?

A

The number of people who have a particular condition regardless of whether they were just diagnosed, or even whether they have been diagnosed at all.

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16
Q

What is death rate or mortality rate?

A

The number of deaths per unit of population from a specific disease.

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17
Q

What are the four main types of microorganisms that can cause infectious diseases?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Virus
  • Protist
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18
Q

How can bacteria cause illness?

A

Produces toxins that damage our cells. Reproduce asexually and can grow up to 10 micrometers in length. e.g Salmonella.

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19
Q

How can protists cause illness?

A

Single celled organisms. Difficult to treat because they share similar properties of animal and plant cells. e.g Malaria.

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20
Q

How can virus cause illness?

A

Invades our cells and use its reproductive machinery to replicate. e.g COVID-19

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21
Q

How can fungi cause illness?

A

Come in all shapes and sizes. Can cause a variety of effects on the skin. e.g Athlete’s foot.

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22
Q

What type of microorganism are Measles?

A

Virus

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23
Q

What type of microorganism is HIV or Aids?

A

Virus

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24
Q

What type of microorginsm is Gonorrhoea?

A

Bacteria

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25
Q

What type of microorganism is Malaria?

A

Protist

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26
Q

What type of microorganism is Salmonella?

A

Bacteria

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27
Q

What type of microorganism is Black spot?

A

Fungi

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28
Q

What type of microorganism is Tobacco mosaic?

A

Virus

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29
Q

How are Measles transmitted?

A

Air droplets, sneezing, infection from epithelial cells.

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30
Q

How is HIV or Aids transmitted?

A

Sexual contact, virus attacks the immune system.

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31
Q

How is Gonorrhoea transmitted?

A

Sexual contact, affects the mucus membrane of the urethra.

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32
Q

How is Malaria transmitted?

A

Mosquito bite.

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33
Q

How is Salmonella transmitted?

A

Poor hygiene, uncooked food.

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34
Q

How is Black spot transmitted?

A

Wet conditions, contact.

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35
Q

How is tobacco mosaic transmitted?

A

Contact.

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36
Q

What are the symptoms of Measles?

A

Cold-like, sore, red eyes, fever.

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37
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV or Aids?

A

Fever, sore throat, night sweats.

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38
Q

What are the symptoms of Gonorrhoea?

A

Genital discharge, pain when urinating.

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39
Q

What are the symptoms of Malaria?

A

Diarrhoea, fever, muscle pain,

40
Q

What are the symptoms of Salmonella?

A

Diarrhoea, stomach pain, nausea.

41
Q

What are the symptoms of Black spot?

A

A rapidly expanding back dot on plants.

42
Q

What are the symptoms of tobacco mosaic?

A

White pattern on leaf, stunted growth.

43
Q

How can you treat and prevent Measles?

A

No specific treatment, rest and painkillers.

44
Q

How can you treat and prevent HIV or Aids?

A

Protected sex, antiretroviral medication.

45
Q

How can you treat and prevent Gonorrhoea?

A

Protected sex, antibiotics.

46
Q

How can you treat and prevent Malaria?

A

Antimalarial drugs, nets, mosquito spray.

47
Q

How can you treat and prevent Salmonella?

A

Food cooked thoroughly, replace fluids, hygiene.

48
Q

How can you treat and prevent Black spot?

A

Soak in baking soda and washing liquid, reduce contact, do not soak leaves in water.

49
Q

How can you treat and prevent Tobacco mosaic?

A

Discard all vectors, remove weeds, wash hands after treating the plants.

50
Q

What type of microorginism is Athlete’s foot?

A

Fungi

51
Q

How is Athlete’s foot transmitted?

A

Sweaty feet, contact on wet floors.

52
Q

What are symptoms of Athlete’s foot?

A

Itchy pain, flaky skin, cracked skin.

53
Q

How can you treat and prevent Athlete’s foot?

A

Dry feet, anti fungal cream.

54
Q

What are our human defences against pathogens?

A

Ear wax, hair, mucus, skin, HCl, cilia, tears, goblet/epithelial cells, sebum oil.

55
Q

How does ear wax defend against pathogens?

A

Traps pathogens.

56
Q

How does hair defend against pathogens?

A

Traps pathogens.

57
Q

How does mucus defend against pathogens?

A

Traps pathogens.

58
Q

How does skin defend against pathogens?

A

A physical barrier against pathogens.

59
Q

How does HCl defend against pathogens?

A

HCl (stomach acid) kills pathogens because of low pH.

60
Q

How does cilia defend against pathogens?

A

Wave to move mucus to stomach.

61
Q

How does tears defend against pathogens?

A

Antiseptic, contain Lysosome to digest pathogens.

62
Q

How do goblet/epithelial cells defend against pathogens?

A

Produce mucus.

63
Q

How does sebum oil defend against pathogens?

A

Repelling pathogens.

64
Q

What are plant defence responses?

A

Cellulose wall, leaf fall, bark, poison, thorns, hairy stem, mimicry, drooping or curling when touched.

65
Q

How does a cellulose wall defend against pathogens?

A

Strengthens plant cells, also helps to resist invasion by microorganisms.

66
Q

How does leaf fall defend against pathogens?

A

Any injected leaves with pathogens such as rose black spot will fall of the tree when the leaves fall off.

67
Q

How does bark defend against pathogens?

A

Physical barrier against pathogens.

68
Q

How does poison defend against pathogens?

A

Deters animals from eating.

69
Q

How do thorns defend against pathogens?

A

Deters animals from eating.

70
Q

How does a hairy stem defend against pathogens?

A

Deters animals from eating because they may be poison mixed in the hairs.

71
Q

How does mimicry defend against pathogens?

A

Some plants droop to mimic unhealthy plants. This tricks animals and insects not to eat it.

72
Q

How does drooping or curling defend against pathogens?

A

Very rare. Leaves collapse suddenly, scaring animal or insect.

73
Q

What is plasmodium?

A

Parasite which causes malaria, single celled organism, protist.

74
Q

What is the life cycle of plasmodium vivax?

A
  1. Mosquito bites a new host
  2. Plasmodium travels to the liver within 30 minutes
  3. Organism asexually reproduces being released at night into the host’s bloodstream
  4. Sexual reproduction occurs in the Anopheles mosquito
  5. Organism migrates to salivary glands of mosquito
75
Q

What are gametocytes?

A

These infect mosquitos and reproduce sexually. When mosquitos suck blood containing gametocytes, these pass into their salivary glands, where they become sporozoites.

76
Q

What are sporozoites?

A

These are passed onto humans when the mosquito bites, the mosquito needs two meals of blood to lay eggs. This is when the protest enters the body. The mosquito injects saliva containing sporozoites into the bloodstream. It travels to the liver cells where sporozoites divide and become thousands of merozoites.

77
Q

What are merozoites?

A

These are released from the liver into the bloodstream. Merozoites enter red blood cells. Some of the merozoites turn into schizonts.

78
Q

What are schizonts?

A

These burst the red blood cells causing the release of more merozoites into the blood.

79
Q

What happens when the red blood cells burst as a result of schizonts?

A

High fever (40°C), burst cells ma block blood vessels preventing oxygen reaching cells in the body.

80
Q

How do platelets defend against pathogens?

A

Clot our blood to prevent pathogen entry (proteins found in the blood).

81
Q

What does DED stand for?

A

Detect
Engulf
Digest

82
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

Phagocytes DED pathogens. (White blood cell)

83
Q

What are lymophocytes?

A

T- Lymphocytes and B-Lymphocytes recognise antigens on cell surface and produce complimentary antibodies.

84
Q

Who was Ignaz Semmelweis?

A

Semmelweis was a doctor in the mid-1850s. At this time, many women died from childbed fever a few days after giving birth. No one knew why.

85
Q

What did Semmelweis notice?

A

His medical students went straight from dissecting dead bodies to delivering a baby without washing hands. Semmelweis thought that the disease was carried by corpses to the patient.

86
Q

What did Semmelweis conclude?

A

By washing your hands, you are preventing the spread of disease. However, other doctors were very resistant.

87
Q

How can you prevent the spread of disease?

A

Washing hands, isolation

88
Q

When you have AIDS, your immune system is…

A

Damaged and so fewer antibodies are made.

89
Q

HIV can increase the chance of…

A

Infections such as pneumonia.

90
Q

When a question asks you to describe a graph, you should…

A

Analyse, compare, conclude

91
Q

What is meant by antibody-antigen complex?

A

When the antibodies bind with the antigens of the pathogen.

92
Q

Describe the steps in order to frown bacteria in a lab?

A
  1. Petri dish, nutrient agar and any glass dishes must be sterilised.
  2. Sterilise the inoculating loop used to transfer microorganisms by heating until red hot with a Bunsen burner.
  3. Dip sterilised loop in a suspension of bacteria and move loop in zigzag streaks. Replace lid as soon as possible to avoid contamination.
  4. Fix lid with adhesive tape to prevent air contaminating the culture. Do not seal air tight as oxygen is needed for respiration.
  5. Petri dish should be labelled and upside down to avoid condensation falling onto agar surface
93
Q

What temperature should cultures be incubinated in schools? Why?

A

25 degrees, to reduce the likelihood of pathogens that might be harmful to humans.

94
Q

What is disinfectant?

A

Chemicals used to kill bacteria on the surface, poisonous if ingested by humans

95
Q

What is antiseptic?

A

Disinfectant that is safe to use on human skin.

AQA GCSE Biology (4 decks)

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