B5- hormones and nervous system Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
homeostasis
A
the regulation of internal conditions to maintain optimum conditions in response to changes
2
Q
stimulus
A
a change in the environment
3
Q
receptors
A
cells that detect changes in the environment
4
Q
sensory neurone
A
nerve cells taking impulse from the receptor to the brain
5
Q
motor neurone
A
nerve cells taking impulse from the brain to the body’s effectors
6
Q
coordination centres
A
receive and process information from receptors
7
Q
effectors
A
muscles or glands which bring about a response
8
Q
reflex action
A
an automatic and rapid action not involving the brain
9
Q
cerebral cortex
A
the outer part of the brain responsible for intelligence, language, memory and consciousness
10
Q
cerebellum
A
controls balance, coordination of movement and muscular activity
11
Q
medulla
A
controls unconscious activities such as heart rate and breathing rate
12
Q
MRI
A
brain scanning technique
13
Q
accommodation
A
the process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects
14
Q
myopia
A
short sightedness
15
Q
hyperopia
A
long sightedness
16
Q
sclera
A
tough white outer covering of the eye
17
Q
optic nerve
A
nerve going to the brain from the eye
18
Q
cornea
A
clear section at the front of the eye- does most of the light bending
19
Q
iris
A
coloured muscles around the pupils controlling light levels
20
Q
pupil
A
hole in the iris that can change shape
21
Q
ciliary muscles
A
Muscles that change the shape of the lens for focusing
22
Q
lens
A
Clear ball that can change shape and focus light on the retina
23
Q
Suspensory ligaments
A
Connects the lens to the ciliary muscles and can tighten to flatten the lens to focus on far objects
24
Q
Retina
A
Layer of light sensitive receptors at the back of the eye connected to the optic nerve
25
Laser eye surgery
Using a laser to change the shape of the cornea and correct vision
26
Endocrine system
Consists of glands that release hormones into the blood to get to a target organ to cause a response
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Pituitary
Master gland that controls many other glands and organs
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pancreas
Small tree shaped gland which produces digestive enzymes as well as the hormones to control blood sugar
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thyroid gland
Gland that produces thyroxine for control of the metabolism
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adrenal gland
Gland that produces adrenaline for ‘fight or flight’ response
31
ovary
Gland that produces oestrogen and progesterone (menstrual cycle)
32
testes
Gland that produces testosterone
33
type 1 diabetes
When the pancreas does not produce enough insulin
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type 2 diabetes
When the body cells no longer respond to insulin
35
insulin
Released from the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels and causes glucose to be taken into cells and stored as glucogen
36
glucagon
Released from the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels and causes glycogen to be broken down into glucose and released back into the blood
37
menstrual cycle
The 28 day cycle that readies the body for pregnancy, producing and releasing an egg, and building up the womb lining
38
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Hormone released by the pituitary gland. Causes maturation of the egg in the ovary.
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oestrogen
Released by the ovaries. Stops FSH being released and stimulates LH to be released
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Lutenising hormone (LH)
Hormone released by the pituitary gland. Causes the egg to be released from the ovary.
41
In vitro fertilisation (IVF)
Where egg cells are fertilised outside of the body with sperm cells then implanted into the woman to grown the baby
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Contraception
Methods to prevent fertilisation
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Abstinence
Refraining from sex completely or during fertile periods to avoid pregnancy
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Barrier methods
Egg and sperm physically prevented from meeting (eg condom and diaphragm)
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Hormonal methods
Hormones are used to interrupt the menstrual cycle and prevent egg release (eg the pill or implants)
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Negative feedback
The automatic switching off of a system when it reaches the desired level eg FSh turns on oestrogen which turns off FSH
47
Vasoconstriction
When blood vessels supplying blood to the skin narrow and allow less warm blood to flow near the surface of the skin, which reduces heat loss
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Vasodilation
When blood vessels supplying blood to the skin open and allow more warm blood to flow near the surface of the skin, which increases heat loss
49
Kidney
An organ that removes the toxin urea from the blood and keeps the water levels in the blood constant to avoid issues with osmosis
50
Deamination
The removal of the amine group on amino acids to form urea
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filtrate
The liquid part of the blood that is pushed through the filter in the kidney with the useful solutes AND the waste
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selective reabsorption
When the useful substances are reabsorbed back into the blood from the kidney tubules eg all the glucose
53
ADH
Hormone released from the pituitary gland which regulates the water concentration of the blood (don’t wee!- causes water to be reabsorbed and not go into urine)
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kidney tubules
Long tubes in the kidney where the body quickly reabsorbs any water or nutrients it doesn’t want to end up in the urine
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kidney dialysis
Using a machine to replace the cleaning and water balancing functions of failing kidneys
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kidney transplant
Using a donor kidney to replace failing kidneys (kidneys can be taken from a living donor as you can survive on one)
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tropisms
Plants response to the environment eg phototropism (light) and geotropism/ gravitropism (gravity)
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auxin
Promotes rooting in cuttings
Can be used a weed killer
Used in tissue culturing
Is the hormone that controls tropisms
59
Gibberellins
Starts seeds germinating / ends seed dormancy Increases flower size
Increases fruit size
60
ethene
Promotes ripening of fruit Controls cell division
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# Stimulus
Receptors
Sensory neurone
coordination centres
effectors
r
describe the process of stimulus and response
| ordinary nervous response:
## Footnote
NOTE: link this to the question dont just reel off the order.
memory aid- skinning really soft cats makes excellent rugs
* A stimulus reaches the body (eg a noise) and is detected by receptors
* Receptors send an impulse along the sensory neurone to the brain
* The brain makes a decision based on this information
* The brain sends an impulse along the motor neurone
* The motor neurone is connected to an effector (a muscle or gland)
* The effector causes the response
62
# Reflex Nervous response:
Describe how a reflex system coordinates stimulus and response:
## Footnote
NOTE: link this to the question dont just reel off the order.
Reflexes are fast and automatic and are used to protect us from danger. They include examples such as taking your hand off a hot object. If a baby cant do it- it isnt a reflex
* A stimulus reaches the body (eg pain) and is detected by receptors
* Receptors send an impulse along the sensory neurone to the spinal cord
* A relay neurone in the spinal cord passes the impulse directly to the motor neurone
* The motor neurone is connected to an effector (a muscle or gland)
* The effector causes the response
63
describe the control of glucose in the body
-when you eat, the glucose level in the blood rises
-the pancreas responds to an increase in blood glucose levels and releases insulin which removes glucose from the blood storing it as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells
-as the glucose levels in the blood start to fall, the pancreas releases glucagon which causes glycogen to be broken up ans glucose released back into the blood
64
# 3 things
what does homeostasis control
-blood glucose concentration
-body temperature
-water levels
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give three coordination centres
the brain
the spinal cord
the pancreas
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why does homeostasis need to maintain optimal conditions
for enzyme action and all cell functions
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what are the two automatic response systems
nervous responses and chemical responses
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# theres 5
list the receptor cells and state what stimulus they detect
eye- light
ear- sound
nose- chemicals in the air
mouth- chemicals in food
skin - touch, pressure, pain and temperature
69
what is a synapse
a gap between two neurones
70
describe what happens at the synapse
an impulse reaches the end of a neurone; neurotransmitter is released across the gap. it then diffuses across the synapse and when it reaches the next neurome this starts another impulse
71
what is accommodation
the process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects
72
how does the eye focus on distant objects
the ciliary muscles relax, the suspensory ligaments are pulled tight, the lens is then pulled thin and only slightly refracts light rays
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how does the eye focus on near objects
the ciliary muscles contract, the suspensory ligaments loosen, the lens is tyen thicker and refracts light rays strongly
74
how do neuroscientists study the brain
studying patients with brain damage, electrically stimulating the brain and using magnetic resonance imaging (mri) scanning
75
what is an EEG
electroencephalogram, used to find problems related to electrical activity of the brain
76
describe what happens in vasoconstriction and vasodilation
-if the body temperature is too low, blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction), sweating stops and skeletal muscles contract (shiver).
-if the body temperature is too high, blood vessels dilate (vasodilation) and sweat is produced from the sweat glands. both these mechanisms cause a transfer of energy from the skin to the environment.
77
what is the endocrine system composed of?
glands
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what is a hormone
a chemical that is released from a gland in response to a change
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how are hormones carried around the body?
in the bloodstream
80
which acts faster, the nervous system or the endocrine system
the nervous system
81
where is the pituitary gland
brain
82
what is the role of the pituitary gland
it secretes many hormones in response to changes in body conditions
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name the hormones released by the pituitary gland
anti diuretic
thyroid
luteinising
follicle stimulating
prolactin
growth hormone
84
name the hormones that the pancreas releases
insulin and glucagon
85
what happens to the glucose in the blood when insulin is released?
glucose is removed from the blood and then converted to glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles
86
describe the role of glucagon in the regulation of glucose
glucagon is released when the blood glucose concentration is low and it stimulates the liver and muscles to convert glycogen into glucose
87
what type of diabetes is caused when the body cells no longer respond to insulin?
type 2
88
list advantages of kidney dialysis
-available to all kidney patients
-no need for immune suppressant drugs
89
list the disadvantages of kidney dialysis
-patient must limit their salt and protein intake between dialysis sessions
-expensive for the NHS
-regular dialysis sessions (up to 8 hours) impacts on the patients lifestyle
-risk of infection
90
list advantages of kidney transplants
-patients can lead a more normal life without having to watch what they eat and drink
-cheaper for the NHS overall
91
list the disadvantages of kidney transplants
-must take immune suppressant drugs which increase the risk of infection
-shortage of organ donors
-transplanted kidneys only last 8-9 years on average
-any operation carries risks
92
state the ways in which water is lost from the body?
lungs, urine, skin(sweat)
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