B5 - The Living Body Flashcards
(303 cards)
1
Q
B5 - The Living Body
Where are proteases active?
A
Stomach and small intestine.
2
Q
B5 - The Living Body
Where is bile stored?
A
Gall bladder
3
Q
B5 - The Living Body
What antibodies do blood group A have?
A
Anti-B
4
Q
B5 - The Living Body
Why do the cilia beat?
A
To push microbe filled mucus out of the lungs as phlegm
5
Q
B5 - The Living Body
What are the 2 ways doctors can measure heart function?
A
Electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiogram
6
Q
B5 - The Living Body
What happens to muscles during inspiration?
A
Intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing volume of thorax which expands lungs and decreases pressure inside - draws air in.
7
Q
B5 - The Living Body
Which groups can group O donate blood to?
A
Anyone
8
Q
B5 - The Living Body
How is blood prevented form flowing in the opposite direction?
A
Atrioventricular and semilunar valves.
9
Q
B5 - The Living Body
What is an antigen?
A
A substance that can trigger a response from a person’s immune system
10
Q
B5 - The Living Body
What are examples of ball and socket joints?
A
Shoulder. Hip.
11
Q
B5 - The Living Body
What happens to pull the lower arm upwards?
A
Biceps contract
12
Q
B5 - The Living Body
Why is the stomach acidic?
A
Provides optimum pH for protease enzymes to work
13
Q
B5 - The Living Body
What is one of the main problems with organ transplants?
A
Immune system can recognise new organ as foreign and attack it - rejection
14
Q
B5 - The Living Body
What do the letters refer to in blood types?
A
Type of antigen on surface of red blood cells
15
Q
B5 - The Living Body
What three measurements are taken to monitor baby growth?
A
Length, mass and head size
16
Q
B5 - The Living Body
What happens to large insoluble molecules in the digestive system and why?
A
Broken down into small soluble molecules so they can be absorbed into blood plasma or lymph
17
Q
B5 - The Living Body
What does the human respiratory tract consist of?
A
Trachea and bronchi
18
Q
B5 - The Living Body
What is needed for IVF?
A
Sperm, eggs and a healthy uterus
19
Q
B5 - The Living Body
How is sugar reabsorbed in the Kinsey nephron?
A
Using active transport
20
Q
B5 - The Living Body
How often does dialysis have to be done and why?
A
Regularly. To keep dissolved substances at the right concentrations and remove waste.
21
Q
B5 - The Living Body
What happens when the heart contracts?
A
Blood pushed around. Flows away from heart along arteries, through capillaries and back to heart via veins
22
Q
B5 - The Living Body
What is the pH like in the stomach?
A
Very acidic (1-2)
23
Q
B5 - The Living Body
Why do small intestines have a big SA?
A
For absorption
24
Q
B5 - The Living Body
How is asthma treated?
A
Inhalers and some people take drugs to prevent attacks, but no cure.
25
# B5 - The Living Body
What moves throughout the permeable membrane of a dialysis machine?
Waste substances like urea and excess water moves from blood into dialysis fluid.
26
# B5 - The Living Body
What does the human respiratory tract consist of?
Trachea and bronchi
27
# B5 - The Living Body
What does an ovary transplant involve?
Relatively new and rare procedure to transplant a healthy ovary from someone else.
28
# B5 - The Living Body
What happens to muscles during expiration?
Intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax, thorax volume decreases and pressure in lungs increase, forcing air out.
29
# B5 - The Living Body
What do animals with gills have?
Single circulatory system - 1 circuit of blood vessels from heart.
30
# B5 - The Living Body
What antibodies do blood group AB have?
None
31
# B5 - The Living Body
What happens during stage 1 of the menstrual cycle?
Menstruation starts. Uterus lining breaks down for about 4 days
32
# B5 - The Living Body
How are bones at synovial joints held together?
By ligaments
33
# B5 - The Living Body
What constantly flows through the open mouth of a fish?
Oxygen rich water which is then forced over gill filaments when mouth closes.
34
# B5 - The Living Body
What does bile help with?
Fat digestion in small intestine
35
# B5 - The Living Body
What does progesterone do?
Maintains lining of uterus. When levels of progesterone falls, lining breaks down. Inhibits production of LH
36
# B5 - The Living Body
What is bone marrow?
Spongy substance that makes new blood cells
37
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How do glucose and amino acids get into blood plasma and why?
Diffuse into blood plasma because they are small enough
38
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What 3 things determine the concentration and amount of urine?
Heat, exercise and water intake
39
# B5 - The Living Body
What happens to products which are not reabsorbed by the kidneys?
Continue out of the nephron, into ureter and down to the bladder as urine
40
# B5 - The Living Body
What may damage to heart valves cause?
Valves to not open properly, causing high blood pressure. May even allow blood to flow in both directions so blood doesn't circulate as effectively as normal.
41
# B5 - The Living Body
What is the 2nd stage of the cardiac cycle?
Atria contract, pushing blood into ventricles. Semilunar valves closed. Atrioventricular valves open.
42
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What moves in and out of the amphibians permeable skin?
Oxygen moves in. Carbon dioxide out.
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Where are lipases active?
Small intestine
44
# B5 - The Living Body
What range of pH does bile have?
Alkaline
45
# B5 - The Living Body
What 4 ways can infertility be treated?
Artificial insemination (AI), FSH injections, In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF), ovary transplants
46
# B5 - The Living Body
What happens when someone shows symptoms of an asthma attack?
Muscle relaxant drug is inhaled (from inhaler) to open airways.
47
# B5 - The Living Body
What do multicellular organisms need in order to transport materials efficiently?
Blood circulatory system
48
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What happens to carbon dioxide and the alveolus?
It diffuses out of blood into alveolus to get breathed out
49
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What is cartilage?
Living tissue (rubbery)
50
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What can blood plasma contain?
Anti-A or anti-B antibodies
51
# B5 - The Living Body
What is an echocardiogram?
Ultrasound scan of heart
52
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What is the 3rd stage of the cardiac cycle?
Ventricles contract forcing blood into aorta and pulmonary artery. Semilunar valves open. Atrioventricular valves close automatically.
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What antigens do blood group A have?
A
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What antigens do blood group O have?
None
55
# B5 - The Living Body
What are the symptoms of an asthma attack?
Difficulty breathing, wheezing and tight chest
56
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How do muscles move bones at a joint?
Contracting (can only pull, not push)
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What do lipases break down?
Fats into fatty acids and glycerol
58
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What is the middle of a long bone filled with?
Bone marrow
59
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What does a pacemaker do?
Tells heart how fast to beat (pacemakers are a group of cells)
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Where is bile made?
Liver
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What can red blood cells have on their surface?
A or B antigens (or neither or both)
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How can women who miscarry still have a baby?
Fertilised egg can be implanted into surrogate mother who gives birth to their baby
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What does FSH do?
Cause egg to develop in one ovary. Stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen.
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What problems come with a longer life expectancy?
Shortages of housing and more environmental problems.
More old people and pensions are needed.
Older people have more medical conditions and their care is paid for by the taxpayer.
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What are the 3 stages as blood passes through kidneys?
Ultrafiltration, reabsoption, release of wastes
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When do doctors worry about a baby and its growth?
If size is above 98th percentile or below 2nd percentile. Or if there are inconsistent patterns.
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How are asthmatics' lungs different?
Overly sensitive to certain things
68
# B5 - The Living Body
What did Claudius Galen do to investigate the heart?
Cut up animals to study them. Knew about chambers of heart. Thought arterial blood was made by heart, while blood in veins was made by liver, sucked through veins by heart and consumed by organs.
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What does ADH control?
Amount and concentration of urine
70
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What happens to blood when it reaches body cells which need oxygen?
It is released from red blood cells and diffuses into body cells
71
# B5 - The Living Body
What mechanism affects hormone production in the menstrual cycle?
Negative feedback
72
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What does a kidney dialysis machine do?
Filter a patients blood while they wait for a kidney transplant
73
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What is the 4th stage of the cardiac cycle?
Blood flows along arteries, atria refill. Cycle repeats.
74
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What other ethical concerns are there about organ donation?
People worry doctors might not save critically ill if organs are needed - safeguards in place. People may get pressured into being living donor - doctors make sure it is personal choice.
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# B5 - The Living Body
What is ovulation?
Happens at day 14 and is the development and release of an egg
76
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What are bones made up of?
Living tissue/cells
77
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How can you tell if a person is still growing?
Look at how much cartilage is present - lot = still growing
78
# B5 - The Living Body
What happens to carbon dioxide at body cells?
Diffuses out of body cells and into blood which is carried back to lungs
79
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What does the brain monitor (kidneys)?
Water content of blood
80
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What happens when the brain detects water loss?
Pituitary gland releases more ADH and the ADH makes kidneys reabsorb more water
81
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Why is the 4 chambered heart important?
Pump separately to lungs and body. Important to maintain high pressure.
82
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How do ball and socket joints move?
All directions and rotate.
83
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What do lungs contain millions of?
Little air sacs called alveoli
84
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What does amniocentesis involve?
Using long needle to remove some fluid surrounding baby. Contains skin cells from baby and chromosomes can be analysed.
85
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Why do unborn babies not need a double circulatory system?
Get oxygen from mother (placenta) - blood doesn't need to go to lungs.
86
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What 4 hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle?
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
Oestrogen.
Progesterone.
Luteinising hormone (LH)
87
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How does water help the gills of a fish?
Supports gills and keeps filaments separated from each other and prevent sticking together/suffocation
88
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What does oestrogen do?
Cause lining of uterus to repair. Stimulates production of LH. Inhibits production of FSH.
89
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What is the sequence of events in one complete heartbeat called?
Cardiac cycle
90
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How are bones attached to muscles?
By tendons
91
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How do the kidneys perform their roles?
By filtering the blood under high pressure and then reabsorbing useful things
92
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What is a lifestyle choice which can cause lung disease?
Smoking
93
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What happens when the brain detects water gain?
Pituitary gland releases less ADH and the lack of ADH means kidneys reabsorb less water
94
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What does a heart-lung machine do?
Keep a patients blood oxygenated and pumping during heart or lung surgery.
95
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What does the 50th percentile mean?
Mass that 50% of babies will reached at a certain age
96
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What can CHD cause?
Reduced blood flow to heart muscle often results in heart attack.
97
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What does synovial fluid do?
Lubricate joints, allowing easier movement
98
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What are the lungs particularly prone to?
Infections because they're dead end and microbes can't get flushed out easily.
99
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Where is oestrogen produced?
Ovaries
100
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Which groups can group A receive blood from?
A and O
101
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What else apart from exercise can affect heart rate?
Hormones e.g. Adrenaline - increases heart rate to ensure muscles have plenty of oxygen.
102
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How can doctors measure lung capacity?
Using a spirometer
103
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What does LH do?
Stimulates ovulation at day 14 and indirectly stimulates progesterone production.
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What can a spirometer help diagnose?
Diagnose and monitor lung disease
105
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Which groups can group AB donate blood to?
Only AB
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Why do patients with kidney failure use dialysis?
They can't filter their blood properly
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What are the main type of joint in the body?
Synovial joints
108
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What does dialysis contain and how much is there?
Same concentration of sodium and glucose as blood plasma, meaning they aren't from blood.
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Where is FSH produced?
Pituitary gland
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What is different about the heart in single circulatory system?
2 chambers - 1 receives blood - 1 pumps blood out to gills and body.
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What is the disadvantage of artificial parts in the heart?
Might not last very long and may need replacing.
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What do your muscles need when you exercise and what does this do to the heart?
Need more oxygen to work harder, so you breathe faster and heart pumps faster to deliver more oxygenated blood to muscles.
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Why is exercise important in determining the size an adult reaches?
Builds muscle and weight-bearing exercise can increase bone mass. It also stimulates release of growth hormone
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What is the advantage of using artificial valves and pacemakers?
Rejection isn't an issue. Made from metals/plastics which body doesn't recognise as foreign like it does with tissue.
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Why are long bones hollow?
Makes movement more efficient - lighter and stronger than solid bone of same mass).
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What is CHD?
When coronary arteries supplying blood to heart get blocked by fatty deposits.
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How can severe valve damage be treated?
Replace valve with an artificial one
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Which groups can group A donate blood to?
A and AB
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How does bile break down fat?
Breaks into tiny droplets and gives a bigger SA for lipase enzymes to work on.
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What cell secretes mucus?
Goblet cell
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What is different about the heart in a double circulatory system?
4 chambers - 2 circuits - 1 to body - 1 to lungs.
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How can valves in the heart get damaged?
By heart attacks, infection or old age
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What is the 1st stage of the cardiac cycle?
Blood flows into 2 atria. Semilunar valves closed. atrioventricular valves open.
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What are the advantages of an internal skeleton?
Grows easily with body. Attach muscles easily. More flexible. Gives support (framework).
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What do the products of fat digestion do?
Diffuse out of the gut and into fluid called lymph in lymphatic system, where they are emptied into blood. Nutrients travel to areas needed and then diffuse out again.
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How are the chances of rejection reduced?
Donor should have similar tissue type to patient - close tissue match. Immunosuppressive drugs suppress immune system and stop it rejecting organ
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What happens to asthmatics' bronchioles when triggers are encountered?
Muscles around bronchioles contract, constricting airways.
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What can too little clotting lead to?
Bleeding to death, and more likely to get loads of bruising.
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Why is it strange that contraceptives contain oestrogen?
Oestrogen normally stimulates ovulation. But taking pills everyday keeps levels constantly high and mimics pregnancy so inhibits release of FSH
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What happens to pull the lower arm back down?
Triceps contract
131
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How can a hole in the heart be fixed?
Corrected by surgery
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What can doctors screen foetus for?
Check for genetic disorders before its born like Down's syndrome and cystic fibrosis.
133
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What can the products of fat digestion not do?
Diffuse into blood plasma
134
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What is agglutination?
E.g. If an A antigen meets an anti-A antibody the blood clumps together
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What did William Harvey show about the heart?
Heart valves stopped back flow of blood.
Heart is a pump.
Pulse is caused by heart pumping blood into arteries.
Same blood was circulated around body over and over again.
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What do growth charts show?
Number of percentiles
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How does a thin lining increase efficiency of gas exchange in the alveoli?
Only one cell thick - so gases don't have to diffuse very far
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What are the 4 blood groups?
A, B, AB, O
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What is the human respiratory tract lined with and what do they do?
Mucus and cilia which catch dust and microbes before they reach lungs.
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What is the job of the skeleton?
Support body and allow it to move. Protect vital organs.
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What does AI involve?
Sperm placed into woman's uterus without sex. Donor sperm can be used.
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How does a moist surface increase efficiency of gas exchange in the alveoli?
Helps oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolve
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What controls the amount of water absorbed by the kidney nephron?
anti-diuretic hormone
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What does a mechanical ventilator do?
Used to push air in and out of a patients lungs if they stop breathing.
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What does ADH do to kidney nephrons?
Makes nephron more permeable so more water is reabsorbed back into blood.
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Why do villi have a single permeable layer of surface cells and a good blood supply?
Allow quick absorption
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What is expiration?
Breathing out
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What are the 3 main things that can go wrong with a heart?
Hole in heart. Valve damage. Coronary heart disease (CHD).
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Apart from living donors, where else can we get transplants from?
People who have recently died
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What is the end product after the kidneys have performed their processes?
Urine
151
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What do carbohydrases break down?
Big carbohydrates like starch into simple sugars
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What happens to gases when we breathe?
Take in oxygen for respiration and release CO2
153
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Where does gas exchange happen in fish?
At the gills
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What reasons are there for the increase in life expectancy?
Medical advances where conditions can now be treated.
Work and housing are safer and healthier.
People are better off and can afford healthier diets and lifestyles.
Less Industrial diseases.
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What types of things can living donors donate?
Whole or parts of organs. I.e. One kidney or a piece of liver
156
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What criteria is met for dead donors?
Must have died recently - organs stay useable for few hours. Close relatives must give permission.
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What is the issue with immunosuppressive drugs?
Leave patient vulnerable to infections
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What happens during ultrafiltration?
High pressure squeezes water, urea, salts and glucose out of blood and into capsule. Membranes between blood vessels in glomerulus and capsule act as filters. Big molecules like proteins and blood cells are not squeezed and stay in blood.
159
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What happens during stage 2 of the menstrual cycle?
Uterus lining builds up again. From day 4-14 builds up into thick spongy layer full of blood vessels
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How does exercise affect the concentration and amount of urine produced?
Makes you hot so you sweat more and water loss causes more ADH release. Kidneys absorb more water and urine is concentrated and only a small amount
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How do single celled organisms get material into cells?
Diffusion
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When is AI used?
If there's some kind of problem with sperm reaching the egg or if man suffers some sort of infertility.
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What are the two clusters of pacemaker cells?
Sino-atrial node (SAN) stimulates atria to contract.
| Atrio-ventricular node (AVN) stimulates ventricles to contract.
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What does an ECG show?
Electrical activity of heart. Can show heart attacks and irregular heartbeats/general health of heart.
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What things to villi have to allow quick absorption?
Single permeable layer of surface cells, good blood supply, big SA and very long.
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What does the blood passing the alveoli contain?
Lots of carbon dioxide and very little oxygen
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What is ossification?
As you grow, blood vessels deposit calcium and phosphorous in cartilage which eventually turns into bone.
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How quickly does a baby or foetus grow?
Different parts grow at different rates e.g. Head grows quickly
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How does growth happen?
When cells divide by mitosis
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What is the barrier like in a dialysis machine?
Permeable to ions and waste substances, but not big molecules like proteins
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What are examples of hinge joints?
Knee. Elbow.
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What could a decreased pumping ability indicate?
A disease called cardiomyopathy
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What does each cell on the surface of a villus have?
Its own microvilli which increases the SA even more
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Where is progesterone produced?
Ovaries
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How can doctors treat CHD?
Coronary bypass operation, where a piece of blood vessel is taken from another part of body and inserted to "bypass" blockage.
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What is osteoporosis?
Condition where calcium is lost from bones. Bones are softer, more brittle and more likely to break.
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What are some examples of mechanical replacements outside the body?
Heart-lung machine, kidney dialysis machines, mechanical ventilators.
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What are platelets?
Small fragments of cells that help blood to clot.
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What do proteases do?
Break down proteins into amino acids
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What age must all living donors be?
18+
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What do patients with kidney failure use?
Dialysis machine
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How do hinge joints move?
Backwards and forwards, not side to side.
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How does heat affect the concentration and amount of urine produced?
Hot leads to more sweating and sweat contains water, causing water loss. Causes more ADH to be released so kidneys reabsorb more water. Urine is concentrated and only a small amount
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How does water intake affect the concentration and amount of urine produced?
Not drinking enough produces a small volume of concentrated urine. Drinking lots will produce lots of dilute urine.
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What sorts of molecules are not squeezed out of blood during ultrafiltration in the kidneys?
Big molecules like proteins and blood cells.
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What do contraceptives contain and what does this do?
Oestrogen and this prevents ovulation
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What are the stages of physical digestion?
Chewing in the mouth and churning them about in stomach
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What does an amphibians skin have to be kept?
Moist
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What has happened to life expectancy over the last century?
Increased
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Why can bone/cartilage get infected?
Made of living tissue
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What happens in chemical digestion?
Involves enzymes which break down molecules that are too big to pass through cell membranes.
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What can cartilage do?
Grow and repair itself (not as easily as bone)
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What is your tidal air?
Volume of air you breathe in and out in one normal breath
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Where is LH produced?
Pituitary gland
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How does a spirometer work?
Patient breathes into machine and volume breathed in and out is plotted on a Spirogram
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How can asbestos causes lung disease?
Cause asbestosis where inflammation and scarring of lungs limits gas exchange.
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What does a high pressure allow?
Material to be transported more quickly.
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Where is urea produced?
Liver
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What is vital capacity air?
Total lung capacity - residual air = vital
Amount of useable air
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What is lymph?
A type of fluid which carries products of fat digestion
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What does a hole in the heart allow?
Blood to bypass lungs - closes soon after birth.
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What can surgery be used for with the heart?
Transplants. Valves and pacemakers can be fitted. Can get heart assist devices which take over pumping duties of failing heart - buys patient time whilst waiting for transplant.
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What do pacemakers produce?
A small electric current which spreads to surrounding muscle cells, causing them to contract
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What antigens do blood group AB have?
A and B
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What is better about replacing a valve compared to a transplant?
Much less drastic and only requires overnight stay.
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How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange?
Large SA, moist surface, permeable surface, thin lining, good blood supply
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Which groups can group B receive blood from?
B and O
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How does a permeable surface increase efficiency of gas exchange in the alveoli?
Helps gases change easily
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What can damage to the spinal cord lead to?
Paralysis
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What does bone start off as?
Cartilage in womb
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What is it important to keep a constant concentration of and where?
Constant concentration of water molecules in blood plasma
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What does the brain instruct the pituitary gland to do (kidneys)?
Release ADH into blood according to how much is needed
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What happens as blood travels around the body through blood vessels?
It loses pressure
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What is a hole in the heart?
Gap in wall separating either two ventricles or two atria.
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# B5 - The Living Body
How strong and flexible are ligaments?
High tensile strength. Quite elastic.
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What can people at risk of DVT and strokes take?
Drugs to reduce risk such as Warfarin, heparin and aspirin prevent blood clotting.
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# B5 - The Living Body
What happens during stage 4 of the menstrual cycle?
Wall is maintained from about day 14-28.
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Which groups can group O receive blood from?
Only O
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What can an echocardiogram show?
Enlarged heart which could indicate heart failure. Decreased pumping ability and valve function.
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What 3 roles do the kidneys perform?
Removal of urea. Adjustment of salt levels and adjustment of water content in blood.
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What are the ethical issues with screening?
If foetus has genetic defect, parents consider whether to continue with pregnancy. Foetal screening can increase risk of miscarriage.
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What happens during stage 3 of the menstrual cycle?
Egg develops and is released from ovary at day 14
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# B5 - The Living Body
What does the synovial membrane release?
Synovial fluid
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How many stages are involved in the breakdown of starch?
2. Starch -> maltose -> glucose
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Describe the layer of surface cells on a villi?
Single permeable layer of surface cells which form a thin lining
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How can women who can't produce eggs have a baby?
Eggs can be donated
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What does IVF involve?
Eggs are fertilised outside body. She is given hormones to stimulate egg production and several are collected and mixed with sperm. Implanted back into uterus.
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What do the ends of bones have?
Cartilage - stops bones rubbing
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What is carbon dioxide (breathing)?
Waste product of respiration. Toxic at high levels - must be removed through breathing.
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What does physical digestion allow?
Food to pass easily through digestive system and provides larger surface area for chemical digestion
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Why is diet important in determining the size an adult reaches?
Poor diet, particularly low in proteins or minerals may mean a child does not grow as much as its genes would allow.
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What gives the small intestines a big SA?
Walls of small intestine are covered in millions of villi
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What sort of factors do success rates depend one?
Type of organ, age of patient, skill of surgeon etc.
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Where are carbohydrases active?
Mouth and small intestine
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What happens in the alveoli?
gas exchange
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What is the elbow?
A pivot (fulcrum)
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What does cartilage do in a synovial joint?
Stops bone rubbing and acts as a shock absorber (can be slightly compressed).
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# B5 - The Living Body
What do FSH injections do?
Increase fertility by stimulating egg production and making fertilisation more likely.
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How can osteoporosis be treated?
Calcium supplements
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How is the whole process of water content regulation controlled?
Negative feedback
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What determines the size an adult reaches?
Mainly due to genetics but can external factors too
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What is clotting and why does the blood do it?
A mesh of protein I fibres called fibrin fibres which plug damaged area, preventing too much bleeding.
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What can an amphibians skin not be?
Waterproof
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What happens to useful substances as liquid flows over kidney nephrons?
Selectively reabsorbed
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How can haemophiliac's blood clot?
When injected with the clotting factor.
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When are FSH injections used?
Some women have very low levels of FSH so eggs don't develop properly and can't get pregnant.
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# B5 - The Living Body
What happens to the nodes in one complete heartbeat?
SAN produces current first, making atria contract. Current stimulates AVN to produce current causing ventricles to contract. Process ensures atria always contracts before ventricles.
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What does a lack of waterproofing mean for the amphibian?
Would lose too much water if it lived in a dry environment so it must have a moist habitat.
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What is another word for breathing in?
Inspiration
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How does a large surface area increase efficiency of gas exchange in the alveoli?
Increase rate of diffusion
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# B5 - The Living Body
What does bile do to acid?
Neutralise stomach acid to make conditions right for enzymes to work in small intestine
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# B5 - The Living Body
What happens to uterus lining if no fertilised egg landed on it?
Spongy lining starts to break down and cycle starts again after 28 days
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# B5 - The Living Body
Why are ovary transplants used?
Some women don't have ovaries due to cancer or they have damaged ones which don't produce any eggs
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What can be used to keep someone alive whilst waiting for transplants?
Temporary mechanical replacements
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Where is ADH released from?
Pituitary gland
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What is urea produced from?
Excess amino acids
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What is the main method of screening?
Amniocentesis
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What can too much clotting lead to?
Strokes and deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
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# B5 - The Living Body
Why don't multicellular organisms diffuse materials in and out of cells?
Too large and diffusion would be too slow.
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# B5 - The Living Body
What are some reasons against IVF?
Not all fertilised eggs are used and throwing them away is denying a life. IVF increases chance of multiple oregano id which can endanger woman's health and become financial burden.
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What do some people suggest for coping with shortage of organ donations?
Opt-out system where organs are used unless person registers to say no.
262
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What is an example of an industrial material which can cause lung disease?
Asbestos
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What are antagonistic pairs?
1 muscle contracts = 1 direction
| Other muscle contracts = other direction
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What antibodies do blood group B have?
Anti-A
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What happens when the brain detects a rise in carbon dioxide levels?
It responds by increasing breathing rate
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Which blood vessel has the lowest pressure?
Veins
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What antibodies do blood group O have?
Anti-A and anti-B
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What does a hole in the heart allow blood to do?
Move directly from one side of heart to other. Allowing deoxygenated blood and oxygenated to mix - reduces amount of oxygen pumped in body.
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What is an example of a genetic cause which causes lung disease?
Cystic fibrosis
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What do antibodies act as?
Agglutinins
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Which groups can group B donate blood to?
B and AB
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Which groups can group AB receive blood from?
Anyone
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Which vessel has the highest pressure?
Arteries
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What is cystic fibrosis?
Single defective gene causes lungs to produce really thick sticky mucus which clogs up bronchioles making breathing difficult and can lead to life threatening infections.
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# B5 - The Living Body
Where is growth hormone produced and what does it do?
Pituitary gland and stimulates growth of whole body, but especially growth of long bones.
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What 4 factors can cause lung disease?
Industrial materials, genetic causes, lifestyle causes and asthma.
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What is inspiration?
Breathing in
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What criteria needs to be met for someone to be a donor?
Young so organ is fit and healthy as possible.
Similar body weight to patient so organ is good 'fit'.
Close tissue match to prevent rejection.
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Where has the blood passing the alveoli returned from?
The lungs from rest of body
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What is total lung capacity?
Total volume of air you can fit in your lungs
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What is emulsification?
Bile breaks down fat into tiny droplets giving it a bigger SA
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What does the shortage of organ donations in the UK mean for patients?
Usually have to wait for organs to become available which can be a long time because donor must match criteria.
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What happens to the lining asthmatics' airways when triggers are encountered?
Become inflamed and fluid builds up in airways making it hard to breathe - asthma attack
284
# B5 - The Living Body
How are clots formed?
Series of chemical reactions that take place when platelets in blood are exposed to damaged blood vessels.
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What is the human respiratory tract lined with and what do they do?
Mucus and cilia which catch dust and microbes before they reach lungs.
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What three substances are selectively reabsorbed in the kidney nephron?
All sugar, sufficient salt, and sufficient water
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What are some religious ethical reasons against organ donation?
Person's body should be buried intact - donating is wrong.
Life and death is up to God - receiving organ is wrong.
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What are the issues with mechanical replacements?
Usually need constant power supply. Often large and difficult to move. Must be made of materials that won't harm body or degrade. Can occasionally cause inflammation or allergic reactions
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# B5 - The Living Body
What does a constant concentration in the blood plasma prevent?
Too much water moving in or out of the tissues by osmosis
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# B5 - The Living Body
What is haemophilia?
Genetic condition where blood doesn't clot easily because clotting factors can't be made by body.
291
# B5 - The Living Body
Why is the small intestine very long?
So there's time to break down and absorb food before it reaches end
292
# B5 - The Living Body
What happens to oxygen in the alveolus?
Oxygen diffuses out of alveolus into blood
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What products are not reabsorbed by the kidneys?
Urea, excess salt and excess water
294
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What is important for gaseous exchange in adult amphibians?
Have simple lungs but skin play important part
295
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What does a constant concentration of water in blood plasma do to blood pressure?
Keeps it constant
296
# B5 - The Living Body
When is an artificial pacemaker used and what it is?
To control heartbeat is pacemaker cells don't work properly. Little device implanted under skin with wire going to heart, produces an electric current.
297
# B5 - The Living Body
What is another word for breathing out?
Expiration
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What antigens do blood group B have?
B
299
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What is residual air?
Even if you breathe out really hard there's still some air left to make sure lungs stay open.
300
# B5 - The Living Body
Give an example of an antagonistic pair?
Biceps and triceps
301
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What can cause dwarfism?
Genetic factors and results in stunted growth
302
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What is gigantism often the result of?
Tumour of the pituitary during childhood which causes too much growth hormone to be produced.
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What does a higher pressure allow?
Material to be transported more quickly
