B6

Question 1

What is vaccination ?

Answer 1

Immunisation against pathogens

Question 2

How do you immunise somebody?

Answer 2

Giving someone a vaccine made of a dead or inactive pathogen. Stimulates body natural immune system to fight against pathogens

Question 3

Pros of vaccination?

Answer 3

• help control lots of communicable diseases , once common in the uk
• big outbreaks called epidemics can be prevented, as protected by herd immunity

Question 4

Cons of vaccination?

Answer 4

• dont always work

- could get a bad reaction

Question 5

What are painkillers?

Answer 5

Drugs that relieve pain . Dont actually tackle the cause of the disease or kill the pathogen , just reduce the symptoms (aspirin)

Question 6

What are antibiotics ?

Answer 6

They kill or prevent the growth of the bacteria causing the problem without killing your own body cells. Different antibiotics kill different types of bacteria so it is important to get the right one.(penicillin)

Question 7

Do antibiotics works on viruses?

Answer 7

No they dont . Viruses take over the body cell which means it is a lot more difficult to kill the disease without killing the cell

Question 8

What is antibiotic resistant?

Answer 8

Bacteria can mutate, making them immune to antibiotics. When taking antibiotics some of the bacteria may have resistant strains . You will kill the ones that are not resistant and the ones remaining will reproduce rapidly

Question 9

How to prevent resistant bacteria?

Answer 9

Dont prescribe antibiotics if they are not needed

Question 10

Where did many drugs come from?

Answer 10

Plants :
Aspirin- painkiller for fever, found in willow
Digitalis -heart drug , originates from foxgloves

Question 11

How penicillin was discovered?

Answer 11

• alexander flemming was clearing out some petri dishes containing bacteria. He noticed on of the dishes had mould on it and the area around the mould was free from bacteria
• the mould was called penicillin on the petri dish producing a substance that killed bacteria

Question 12

How are drugs produced these days?

Answer 12

Large scale pharmaceutical industries, synthesised by chemists.

Question 13

What is the first step of preclinical testing?

Answer 13

First stage of testing when drugs are tested on human cells and tissues in lab. (Cant test drug used for the whole body though)

Question 14

What is the second step of preclinical testing?

Answer 14

Test drug on live animal

Question 15

What are drugs tested for?

Answer 15

• toxicity
• efficacy
• dose

Question 16

What happens before drugs can be used?

Answer 16

Tests and trials to check safety and effectiveness

Question 17

What is clinical testing?

Answer 17

1) Use healthy volunteers then patients
2) further clinical trials to find right dosage
3) blind trial
4) double blind trial
5) results published

Question 18

What is a blind trial?

Answer 18

Patients randomly put into two groups . One is given the new drug the other is given a placebo. This is so doctors can see the actual difference the drug makes, it allows for the placebo affect.

Question 19

What is a placebo?

Answer 19

Substance thats like the drug being tested but doesn’t do anything

Question 20

What is the placebo effect ?

Answer 20

When patiente expects the treatment to work and so feels better, even though the treatment isn’t doing anything

Question 21

What is a double blind trial?

Answer 21

Neither the patient nor the doctor knows until all results are in