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MM Test 3 > B6.047 Hip, Knee, and Ankle Joints + Erect Stance and Walking Gait > Flashcards

B6.047 Hip, Knee, and Ankle Joints + Erect Stance and Walking Gait Flashcards

1
Q

only motion in a healthy ankle joint

A

dorsiflexion

plantarflexion

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2
Q

where do eversion and inversion occur?

A

joints intrinsic to the foot

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3
Q

acetabulum

A

deep, bony socket
makes hip a very stable joint
surrounded by a soft tissue “o ring’ or ‘gasket’ to make it deeper

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4
Q

where is the head of the femur

A

NOT on the shaft

on the femoral neck

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5
Q

what is the “Q” angle

A

axis of femoral shaft is not aligned with gravity in the anatomical position
neck of femur is inclined about 120 deg with respect to the shaft
this creates an angle between the femoral shaft and the vertical line of gravity (the Q angle, about 18 deg)

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6
Q

what gender has a larger Q angle

A

female

pelvis is wider

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7
Q

where is bone density the greatest in hip joints

A

along lines of gravitational load

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8
Q

what is the iliofemoral ligament

A

thickest and strongest ligament in the body
thickening in the hip joint capsule that is named as a ligament
keeps trunk from flopping backwards

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9
Q

blood supply to the hip joint

A

retinacular arteries that stretch across the neck, sending twigs to the femoral head

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10
Q

most common hip injury in elderly

A

fracture of femoral neck
due largely to osteoporosis
retinacular blood vessels are highly susceptible to injury

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11
Q

most common hip complaints

A

OA
bursitis
multiple bursae situated around the hip joint including the greater trochanter

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12
Q

tuberculosis infection of the spine

A

can infiltrate the hip joint cavity via the capsule of the iliospsoas muscle, where it communicated with bursae and the joint cavity

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13
Q

patella

A

floating bone that serves as a pulley and an attachment site for tendons and ligaments at the knee

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14
Q

shape of femoral condyles

A

not perfectly circular

important for knee joint integrity (or laxity)

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15
Q

what leg bone receives the weight of the upper body

A

tibia alone

fibula not part of the knee joint

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16
Q

upper surface of tibial condyles

A

shallow depressions

receive femoral condyles

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17
Q

are the articular surfaces in the knee joint complex?

A

yup

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18
Q

can the articular surfaces in the knee joint be easily summarized?

A

nope

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19
Q

functions of the menisci

A

wafers of fibrocartilage on the tibial plateau

help center condyles of femur on tibia

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20
Q

1st line of defense to help create a stable knee joint

A

deep investing fascia of the thigh (fascia lata)

sleeve of dense connective tissue including the posterior and popliteal fascia

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21
Q

lateral and medial patellar retinacula

A

major thickenings of fascia that extend from the thigh across the knee to anchor into the crural fascia

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22
Q

fibular collateral ligament

A

stands apart from the joint capsule

attaches to lateral femoral condyle and head of fibula

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23
Q

thickenings in knee joint capsule

A 
anterior
-patellar ligament
intrinsic
-tibial collateral ligament
-oblique popliteal ligament
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24
Q

what is the intrinsic joint capsule

A

stabilizes the posterior knee
dense, tough covering
deep to popliteal structures

25
Q

tibial collateral ligament

A

attaches to medial epicondyle and medial tibia

attaches to medial meniscus, making it a part of the joint capsule

26
Q

bursae in the synovial space

A

suprapatellar
prepatellar
infrapatellar

27
Q

location of cruciate ligaments

A

outside the synovial space but within the fibrous joint capsule
named for their tibial attachments

28
Q

function of PCL

A

resist forward displacement of the femur off of a fixed tibia when in flexion

29
Q

function of ACL

A

resists backward displacement of a femur off of a fixed tibia when in extension

30
Q

can ACL and PCL resist blows from the side?

A

no lol

poorly positioned

31
Q

motions that can occur at the knee joint

A

flexion-extension
medial-lateral rotation
gliding-sliding

32
Q

when during the gait is the femur fixed with a mobile tibia

A

swing phase

33
Q

what happens during the last few degrees of leg extension during swing phase

A

lateral spin of the tibia on a fixed femur

34
Q

difference in femoral condyle sizes

A

articular cartilage of the medial femoral condyle reaches further forward than the corresponding lateral cartilage
1 cm extra room

35
Q

when is the knee joint more stable?

A

during extension
ligaments are tighter during extension
looser joint would be more susceptible to injury (flexed)

36
Q

what is locking the knee?

A

resting femur onto tibia
not using any muscles
very little energy required in this position due to stability of joints

37
Q

how do you unlock your knee joint?

A

shorten fibers of popliteus muscle when standing on a fixed tibia
femur rotates laterally
condyles of the femur spin on top of the tibia

38
Q

function of healthy ankle joint

A

flexion and extension only
no medio-lateral or side to side motion
dozens of ligaments surround the joint to stabilize and resist side to side motion

39
Q

where does side to side motion in the foot occur

A

sub talar joint (distal to ankle joint)

inversion and eversion occur here due to smooth upper surface of calcaneous

40
Q

overlooked function of the interosseous membrane

A

stabilization of the ankle joint

41
Q

most commonly injured joint in the body

A

ankle

usually due to excessive inversion injury involving fibular ligaments

42
Q

why aren’t there ligament tears in the medial ankle as often?

A

deltoid ligament is so strong that the medial malleolus typically breaks instead of the ligament tearing

43
Q

ankle sprain

A

abnormal loads that cause excessive side to side ankle movements can tear collateral ligaments, resulting in a sprain

44
Q

ankle fracture

A

high velocity or overly powerful blows that involve twisting forces at the ankle lead to fracture, including avulsion of the lateral malleolus

45
Q

pott’s fracture

A

common athletic injury
distal fibula snaps a few centimeters above the inferior tibiofibular joint
in severe eversion injury, medial malleolus is avulsed

46
Q

axis of standing posture

A

axis of knee joint is behind the hip joint
trunk center of mass is in front of the knee
when standing in a knee locked posture, the weight of the upper body acts to keep the knee joint stable

47
Q

why do humans often stand shifted onto one hip

A

minimize effort
can stand on their ligaments with very little muscle activity
tightening of iliotibial tract of the opposite thigh is one way to do this
unloaded limb maintains balance but does little active work

48
Q

picture George’s gait

A

lol

49
Q

what % of the gait is a double foot stance

A

60% stance phase

40% swing phase (1 foot off the ground)

50
Q

ground reaction

A

generated to propel body mass forward

lengthen trailing limb to generate a pushing force by flexing the ankle and big toe

51
Q

max walking speed

A

6 mph
3 mps
running gait needed to exceed this

52
Q

why does the biceps femoris contract before heel strike

A

to slow down the limb

53
Q

effect of high heels

A

change gait
extreme plantar flexion requires compensation
shoulders are pulled back with increased spinal curvature ( ass out ladies)

54
Q

what determines gait width

A

femoral inclination angle

places human knees close together, angle smaller in females

55
Q

function of gluteus medius and minimum

A

controlled pelvic tilt on unsupported side during normal gait

56
Q

Trendelenburg sign

A

hip drop on the unsupported side caused by a loss of hip abductors on the supported side (drop is opposite side of injury)

57
Q

pelvic rotation in gait

A

critical component

reduces side to side displacement of mass

58
Q

running gait

A

leading limb fully flexed at the hip

both feet off the ground

59
Q

most powerful ground reaction

A

spine has to be horizontal to the ground

similar to 4 footed vertebrates

MM Test 3 (31 decks)

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