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MM Test 3 > B6.068 Prework 2: Bone Development and Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

B6.068 Prework 2: Bone Development and Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

axial skeleton component

A 
skull
neck
vertebral column
ribs
sternum
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2
Q

2 sections of the skull

A

neurocranium

viscerocranium

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3
Q

function of neurocranium

A

protects brain

  • membranous part: flat bones, form vault and portion of base of skull
  • cartilaginous part: sphenoid, ethmoid, base of occipital bones
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4
Q

function of viscerocranium

A

forms skeleton of face

  • membranous part: largest component
  • cartilaginous part: mandibular condyle
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5
Q

sources of head and neck structures

A
  1. paraxial mesoderm
  2. neural crest mesenchyme
  3. lateral plate mesoderm
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6
Q

head and neck structures formed by paraxial mesoderm

A

large portion of membranous and cartilaginous components of the neurocranium (skull)

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7
Q

head and neck structures formed by neural crest mesenchyme

A 
face skeleton (viscerocranium) and cartilage
parts of membranous and cartilaginous regions of neurocranium
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8
Q

head and neck structures formed by lateral plate mesoderm

A

laryngeal cartilages

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9
Q

formation of the neurocranium

A

flat, membranous bones are formed by mesenchyme via intramembranous ossification
needle like bone spicules radiate from primary ossification centers towards the periphery

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10
Q

how do neurocranium bones enlarge

A

bones enlarge by apposition of new layers on outer surface, and osteoclastic resorption og bone from inside

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11
Q

sutures

A

narrow seams of connective tissue

temporarily separate flat bones of skull

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12
Q

fontanelles

A

wide sutures at points where >2 bones meet

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13
Q

anterior fontanelle

A

where 2 frontal and 2 parietal bones meet - closes at 18 months of age

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14
Q

newborn skull during birth

A

sutures and fontanelles allow molding - the overlapping of skull bones

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15
Q

newborn skull after birth

A

membranous bones move back = relatively large and round skull

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16
Q

skull during childhood

A

sutures and fontanelles allow continued bone growth to accommodate growing brain

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17
Q

what forms the cartilaginous part of the neurocranium

A

prechordal chondrocranium

chordal chondrocranium

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18
Q

what forms the membranous part of the neurocranium

A

sutures and fontanelles

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19
Q

prechordal chondrocranium

A

lies in front of the cranial limit of the notochord

derived from neural crest cells

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20
Q

chordal chondrocranium

A

lies posterior to cranial limit of notochord

derived from occipital somite sclerotome (paraxial mesoderm)

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21
Q

how do chordal and prechordal chondrocranium connect

A

fuse and ossify by endochondral ossification

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22
Q

derivation of membranous viscerocranium

A

mesenchyme from neural crest
formed mainly from 1st two pharyngeal arches
1st arch dorsal (maxillary)
1st arch ventral (mandibular)

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23
Q

maxillary process

A

gives rise to maxilla, zygomatic bone, part of temporal bone

intramembranous ossification

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24
Q

mandibular process

A

Meckel cartilage
forms most of mandible (but not condyles)
intramembranous ossification

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25
Q

dorsal tip of mandibular process + 2nd arch

A

incus, malleus, stapes (middle ear)

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26
Q

what types of cells are vulnerable to teratogens?

A

neural crest cells

craniofacial birth defects are common for this reason

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27
Q

what is craniosynostosis

A

improper cell interaction / signaling leading to premature closure of sutures

28
Q

causes of craniosynostosis

A

genetic&raquo_space; vit D def, teratogens

29
Q

what controls the process by which sutures normally grow and close

A

interactions between neural crest-mesoderm cells at suture boundaries, neural crest cell migration, and regulation of cell signaling

30
Q

normal components of suture closure

A
  1. signaling normally causes cells to repel each other
  2. neural crest cells normally migrate between parietal bones to form part of sagittal suture
  3. FGF and FGF receptors regulate cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation
31
Q

premature closure of sagittal suture

A

long and narrow head

prominent frontal and occipital region

32
Q

coronal suture brachycephaly

A

bilateral premature closure

tall skull, flat frontal and occipital regions

33
Q

coronal suture plagiocephaly

A

unilateral premature closure

one side of face looks collapsed

34
Q

cleidocranial dysostosis

A

delayed closure of fontanelles

decreased mineralization of the cranial sutures

35
Q

appearance of cleidocranial dysostosis

A

enlargement of frontal, parietal, and occipital bones
generalized skeletal dysplasia (osseous and dental issues)
underdeveloped / missing clavicles

36
Q

microcephaly

A

brain fails to grow
skull fails to expand
leads to intellectual disabilities

37
Q

causes of microcephaly

A

teratogens (alcohol exposure in utero)

38
Q

herniations of the skull

A

minor defects in skull through which meninges (meningocele) and brain tissue (meningoencephalocele) herniate

39
Q

can u survive a skull herniation

A

babies may survive, but have neuro deficits

40
Q

anencephaly

A

cranial neuropore fails to close (neural tube defect)
cranial vault fails to close (cranioschisis)
brain tissue exposed to amniotic fluid and degenerates
cannot survive

41
Q

when does the axial skeleton start forming

A

4th week

42
Q

what forms the vertebrae

A

sclerotome of somite (paraxial mesoderm)

cells migrate from bilateral somites towards the notochord

43
Q

components of vertebrae

A 
vertebral arch
vertebral foramen (passage of spinal cord)
body
transverse processes
spinous processes
44
Q

what patterns the shape of vertebrae

A

HOX genes

45
Q

what is present in the vertebral column at 4 weeks

A

sclerotomic segments are separates by less dense intersegmental tissue
myotomes, intersegmental mesenchyme, intersegmental arteries and spinal nerves are present

46
Q

what is resegmentation

A

proliferation of the caudal half of one sclerotome proceeds into intersegmental mesenchyme and cranial half of subjacent sclerotome
changes position of arteries and nerves (nerves now at discs and arteries mid somite)

47
Q

where do intervertebral discs form

A

between precartilaginous vertebral bodies

48
Q

nucleus pulposus formation

A

notochord regresses but persists in the disc region as the nucleus pulposus

49
Q

what is a mature IV disc composed of

A

nucleus pulposus plus surrounding annulus fibrosus circular fibers

50
Q

where are myotomes w reference to the vertebral column

A

myotomes bridge the IV discs

muscles derived from myotome become attached to 2 adjacent somites across the IV discs and can thus move the IV column

51
Q

curves of vertebral column

A 
2 primary: when first established
-thoracic
-sacral
2 secondary
-cervical (when child holds up head)
-lumbar (when walking begins)
52
Q

scoliosis

A

lateral curving of the spine
e.g. 1/2 half of a vertebra is missing
idk if you can fully understand what this is…you’re just not close enough to the situation

53
Q

Klippel-feil sequence

A

cervical vertebrae are fused

54
Q

spina bifida

A

cleft vertebrae

imperfect fusion of vertebral arches

55
Q

spina bifida occulta

A

involved small defects in vertebral arches but spinal cord is relatively intact
few to no neuro defects
skin covers defect

56
Q

spina bifida meningocele

A

neural tube fails to close
vertebral arches fail to form
sac of fluid with meninges protrudes through opening and some neuro deficits are observed

57
Q

spina bifida meningomyelocele

A

meninges and spinal cord exposed

typically leads to paralysis

58
Q

detection of neural tube defects

A

maternal serum AFP elevated
check w amniocentesis
ultrasound

59
Q

prevention of neural tube defects

A

folic acid

60
Q

origin of bony ribs

A

sclerotome cells that remain in paraxial mesoderm and cells the grow out from costal processes of thoracic vertebrae

61
Q

origin of costal cartilage of ribs

A

sclerotome cells that migrate across the lateral somatic frontier adjacent to LPM

62
Q

origin of sternum

A

2 sternal bands form in parietal layer of LPM in ventral body wall on either side of midline
later fuse to form cartilaginous models of manubrium, sternebrae, and xiphoid process

63
Q

extra ribs in lumbar or cervical regions

A

may impinge on brachial plexus or subclavian artery

64
Q

cleft sternum

A

failure of sternal bands to fuse

65
Q

pectus excavatum / carinatum

A

abnormal ventral body wall closure or altered formation of the costal cartilages and sternum

MM Test 3 (31 decks)

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