B6.3 - health

Question 1

what is health

Answer 1

• physical social and mental well being

Question 2

communicable diseases

Answer 2

caused by infections eg measles and HIV

Question 3

pathogens

Answer 3

cause infectious diseases
- bacteria
- viruses
- fungi
- protists

Question 4

viruses

Answer 4

• smallest type of microbe
• viruses invade our cells multiply inside them and burst out of them - destroying our cells
• only live and reproduce inside cells of living organisms
• viruses are not cells - made up of protein and genetic material

Question 5

viruses eg

Answer 5

influenza
HIV
tobacco mosaic virus

Question 6

bacteria

Answer 6

• mostly harmless - some pathogens
• single celles - no nucleus
• don’t have to invade cells to live
• produce toxins that cause disease symptoms

Question 7

bacteria eg

Answer 7

tuberculosis
cholera

Question 8

fungi

Answer 8

• mostly harmless but some pathogens
• some multicellular
• make fine threads (HYPHAE) which can invade cells and absorb nutrients from them causing symptoms
• others are single celled
• can live on decaying substances or living tissue

Question 9

fungi eg

Answer 9

athletes foot
barley powdery mildew

Question 10

protists

Answer 10

• single celled eg amoeba
• some cause disease
• are larger than viruses / bacteria
• feed by absorbing nutrients from surroundings

Question 11

athletes foot

Answer 11

• spread by fungus (direct / indirect contact)
• cracked / flaking / itchy skin
• treated by anti fungal cream

Question 12

tobacco mosaic virus

Answer 12

• by a virus (contact)
• mottled / discoloured leaves
• affects chloroplast formation + growth
• plants removed and burnt to prevent spread

Question 13

cholera

Answer 13

• caused by bacteria in dirty water
• diarrhoea / dehydration
• treated by boiling water / sterilising treatment reduces spread

Question 14

influenza

Answer 14

• virus carried in cough / sneeze droplets

Question 15

barley powdery mildew

Answer 15

• cause by fungal disease - and spores in wind
• white powdery spots on leaves
• affects photosynthesis - decreases yield
• treated by spraying fungicides

Question 16

salmonella

Answer 16

• found in raw milk/eggs and unpasteurised milk
• stomach pains / diarrhoea/ vomiting
• decrease spread by cooking food thoroughly

Question 17

crown hall disease

Answer 17

• bacterium in soil - enters through wound
• tumours grow which cut off water flow
• infected plants removed and destroyed and area left for years so bacteria dies

Question 18

malaria

Answer 18

• protozoan is carried by mosquitoes - pass on when feeing on blood
• fever / can be fatal
• be vaccinated and take medication

Question 19

HIV

Answer 19

• exchanging bodily fluids eg blood/ semen spread it
• attacks white blood cells weakening immune system
• AIDs is final stage when body can’t fight off infection

Question 20

reason for washing hands before cooking

Answer 20

stops bacteria from skin getting onto food

Question 21

reason for keeping raw and cooked food separate

Answer 21

stop bacteria on raw food getting onto cooked food

Question 22

pathogen that causes malaria

Answer 22

protist - plasmodium
- single celled organism that spends some life in mosquitoes and some in humans

Question 23

prevention of malaria

Answer 23

• use drug to kill protist
• avoid being bitten
• mosquito control

Question 24

aphid infection

Answer 24

• mottled / discoloured leaves + low growth
• aphids feeding on sap cause it
• treatment using insecticides or removing aphids

Question 25

nitrate deficiency

Answer 25

- stunted growth - due to not enough nitrates in soil - add minerals to soil to cure

Question 26

magnesium deficiency

Answer 26

- chlorosis(yellow leaves) - due to not enough magnesium in soil - add magnesium to soil

Question 27

apple scan

Answer 27

disease in fruits with stones eg plums - caused by a fungus - fruit goes brown

Question 28

blossom end rot

Answer 28

- disease found in tomatoes - sunken brown leathery spots on fruit

Question 29

brown rot

Answer 29

- sunken spots with velvety spores on leaves and fruit

Question 30

club rot

Answer 30

- found in plants of cabbage family - caused by fungus in soil - plants show mineral deficiency

Question 31

plant physical defences

Answer 31

- cellulose (cell wall) - prevents pathogens entering cell - tough waxy cuticle - prevents pathogens entering epidermis - layers of dead cells around stem - prevent entry of pathogens

Question 32

plant chemical defences

Answer 32

- produces antibacterial chemicals - increase when plant is attacked - produce poisons - taste bad so deter herbivores

Question 33

plant mechanical defences

Answer 33

- thorns - impair insects and prevent eggs being laid - deter grazing herbivores - prevent larvae feeding - dropping / curling leaves when touched - mimicry - trick animals into not feeding/laying eggs

Question 34

financial cost of smoking

Answer 34

cost of cigarette, loss of income reduce workforce burden of health care costs on the economy

Question 35

stent cell

Answer 35

A small mesh tube that opens a narrowed cornory artery to the heart to give it O2

Question 36

faults in heart valves

Answer 36

nto open fully leak

Question 37

natural pacemaker

Answer 37

sinus node generated heartbeat

Question 38

cancer

Answer 38

A disease resulting from changes in cells that lead to their uncontrolled growth and division a tumour can spread by blood, to other body part and cause a secondary tumour

Question 39

why is cancer dangerous

Answer 39

it can cause blockages in blood supplies. It’s harder to treat when it’s in other tissues as it causes more blockages and affects more organs.

Question 40

what woudk happen if a detached cancer cell remained in the capillary

Answer 40

would burst and cells reliant on this will die

Question 41

why hard to fight cancer

Answer 41

caused by own cells immune system doenst recognise threat