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biology > B6.3 - health > Flashcards

B6.3 - health Flashcards

1
Q

what is health

A
  • physical social and mental well being
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2
Q

communicable diseases

A

caused by infections eg measles and HIV

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3
Q

pathogens

A

cause infectious diseases
- bacteria
- viruses
- fungi
- protists

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4
Q

viruses

A
  • smallest type of microbe
  • viruses invade our cells multiply inside them and burst out of them - destroying our cells
  • only live and reproduce inside cells of living organisms
  • viruses are not cells - made up of protein and genetic material
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5
Q

viruses eg

A

influenza
HIV
tobacco mosaic virus

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6
Q

bacteria

A
  • mostly harmless - some pathogens
  • single celles - no nucleus
  • don’t have to invade cells to live
  • produce toxins that cause disease symptoms
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7
Q

bacteria eg

A

tuberculosis
cholera

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8
Q

fungi

A
  • mostly harmless but some pathogens
  • some multicellular
  • make fine threads (HYPHAE) which can invade cells and absorb nutrients from them causing symptoms
  • others are single celled
  • can live on decaying substances or living tissue
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9
Q

fungi eg

A

athletes foot
barley powdery mildew

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10
Q

protists

A
  • single celled eg amoeba
  • some cause disease
  • are larger than viruses / bacteria
  • feed by absorbing nutrients from surroundings
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11
Q

athletes foot

A
  • spread by fungus (direct / indirect contact)
  • cracked / flaking / itchy skin
  • treated by anti fungal cream
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12
Q

tobacco mosaic virus

A
  • by a virus (contact)
  • mottled / discoloured leaves
  • affects chloroplast formation + growth
  • plants removed and burnt to prevent spread
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13
Q

cholera

A
  • caused by bacteria in dirty water
  • diarrhoea / dehydration
  • treated by boiling water / sterilising treatment reduces spread
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14
Q

influenza

A
  • virus carried in cough / sneeze droplets
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15
Q

barley powdery mildew

A
  • cause by fungal disease - and spores in wind
  • white powdery spots on leaves
  • affects photosynthesis - decreases yield
  • treated by spraying fungicides
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16
Q

salmonella

A
  • found in raw milk/eggs and unpasteurised milk
  • stomach pains / diarrhoea/ vomiting
  • decrease spread by cooking food thoroughly
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17
Q

crown hall disease

A
  • bacterium in soil - enters through wound
  • tumours grow which cut off water flow
  • infected plants removed and destroyed and area left for years so bacteria dies
18
Q

malaria

A
  • protozoan is carried by mosquitoes - pass on when feeing on blood
  • fever / can be fatal
  • be vaccinated and take medication
19
Q

HIV

A
  • exchanging bodily fluids eg blood/ semen spread it
  • attacks white blood cells weakening immune system
  • AIDs is final stage when body can’t fight off infection
20
Q

reason for washing hands before cooking

A

stops bacteria from skin getting onto food

21
Q

reason for keeping raw and cooked food separate

A

stop bacteria on raw food getting onto cooked food

22
Q

pathogen that causes malaria

A

protist - plasmodium
- single celled organism that spends some life in mosquitoes and some in humans

23
Q

prevention of malaria

A
  • use drug to kill protist
  • avoid being bitten
  • mosquito control
24
Q

aphid infection

A
  • mottled / discoloured leaves + low growth
  • aphids feeding on sap cause it
  • treatment using insecticides or removing aphids
25
Q

nitrate deficiency

A
  • stunted growth
  • due to not enough nitrates in soil
  • add minerals to soil to cure
26
Q

magnesium deficiency

A
  • chlorosis(yellow leaves)
  • due to not enough magnesium in soil
  • add magnesium to soil
27
Q

apple scan

A

disease in fruits with stones eg plums
- caused by a fungus
- fruit goes brown

28
Q

blossom end rot

A
  • disease found in tomatoes
  • sunken brown leathery spots on fruit
29
Q

brown rot

A
  • sunken spots with velvety spores on leaves and fruit
30
Q

club rot

A
  • found in plants of cabbage family
  • caused by fungus in soil
  • plants show mineral deficiency
31
Q

plant physical defences

A
  • cellulose (cell wall) - prevents pathogens entering cell
  • tough waxy cuticle - prevents pathogens entering epidermis
  • layers of dead cells around stem - prevent entry of pathogens
32
Q

plant chemical defences

A
  • produces antibacterial chemicals - increase when plant is attacked
  • produce poisons - taste bad so deter herbivores
33
Q

plant mechanical defences

A
  • thorns - impair insects and prevent eggs being laid - deter grazing herbivores - prevent larvae feeding
  • dropping / curling leaves when touched
  • mimicry - trick animals into not feeding/laying eggs
34
Q

financial cost of smoking

A

cost of cigarette,
loss of income
reduce workforce
burden of health care costs on the economy

35
Q

stent cell

A

A small
mesh tube that opens a narrowed cornory artery to the heart to give it O2

36
Q

faults in heart valves

A

nto open fully
leak

37
Q

natural pacemaker

A

sinus node generated heartbeat

38
Q

cancer

A

A disease resulting from changes in cells that lead to their uncontrolled growth and division
a tumour can spread by blood, to other body part and cause a secondary tumour

39
Q

why is cancer dangerous

A

it can cause blockages in blood supplies.
It’s harder to treat when it’s in other tissues as it causes more blockages and affects more organs.

40
Q

what woudk happen if a detached cancer cell remained in the capillary

A

would burst and cells reliant on this will die

41
Q

why hard to fight cancer

A

caused by own cells
immune system doenst recognise threat

biology (20 decks)

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