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BMB Test 2 > B7-041 Hearing Loss > Flashcards

B7-041 Hearing Loss Flashcards

1
Q

congenital abnormalities of the ear often happen in what weeks of development?

A

3-8

(inner ear forms first, followed by middle, then external)

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2
Q

parts of external ear [3]

A

pinna
external acoustic meatus
external layer of tympanic membrane

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3
Q

parts of the internal ear

A

cochlea

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4
Q

the auricle is derived from which pharyngeal arch?

A

1st and 2nd

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5
Q

the cartilage for the external ear is derived from

A

neural crest

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6
Q

abnormal migrations of the neural crest cells during formation of the external ear can cause [3]

A

periauricular tags
anotia
micronotia

(anotia and micronotia can also be caused by issues with the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch)

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7
Q

failure of apoptosis of the meatal plug around week 26 causes

A

lack of external auditory meatus

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8
Q

the inner ear is derived from

A

ectoderm

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9
Q

describe the formation of the inner ear during week 3

A

otic placode –> otic pit –> otic vesicle

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10
Q

otic vesicle gives rise to

A

primordium of membranous labyrinth

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11
Q

delaminating young neurons give rise to statoacoustic ganglion, which is a precursor to

A

vestibulocochlear ganglion

(derived from neural crest and ectoderm)

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12
Q

the urticle (dorsal) of the membranous labyrinth forms [3]

A

endolymphatic duct
semicircular ducts/ampullae
macula of utricle

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13
Q

the saccule (ventral) of the membranous labyrinth forms [3]

A

cochlear duct
ductus reunions
macula of saccule, organ of Corti

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14
Q

hair cells of the […] are responsible for angular acceleration

A

ampullae

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15
Q

hair cells of the inner ear are derived from

A

surface ectoderm

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16
Q

hair cells of the […] are respond to gravity

A

macula

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17
Q

hair cells of the […] are responsible for sound vibration

A

organ of corti

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18
Q

the ossicles of the middle ear are derived from

A

neural crest

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19
Q

the malleus and incus comes from the […] pharyngeal arch

A

1st

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20
Q

the stapes comes from the […] pharyngeal arch

A

2nd

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21
Q

[…] pharyngeal […] forms the external auditory meatus

A

1st pharyngeal cleft forms the external auditory meatus

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22
Q

[…] pharyngeal […] forms the tubotympanic recess

A

1st pharyngeal pouch forms the tubotympanic recess

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23
Q

tympanic membrane is derived from [3]

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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24
Q

the ossicles are derived from […] and covered with […]

A

neural crest
endothelial epithelium

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25
Q

inserts into the handle of the malleus and prevents damage from loud sounds

A

tensor tympani

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26
Q

inserts onto the neck of stapes and prevents damage from loud sounds

A

stapedius

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27
Q

tensor tympani is derived from […] pharyngeal arch mesoderm

A

1st

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28
Q

stapedius is derived from […] pharyngeal arch mesoderm

A

2nd`

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29
Q

tensor tympani is innervated by

A

CN V

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30
Q

stapedius is innervated by

A

CN VII

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31
Q

conduction causes of congenital deafness [3]

A

first arch syndrome
abnormalities of malleus and incus
congenital fixation of stapes

32
Q

[…] infection during the 7th-8th week can result in deficits to the spiral organ causing congenital deafness

A

rubella

33
Q

how is hearing measured in adults vs babies?

A

adults: subjective
babies: objective

34
Q

important aspects of adult hearing tests [2]

A

threshold as a function of frequency

ability to discriminate speech sounds

35
Q

impaired conduction of sound through the external and middle ear up to the inner ear

A

conductive hearing loss

36
Q

caused by pathology of inner ear or 8th nerve

A

sensorineural hearing loss

37
Q

caused by CNS damage, relatively uncommon

A

central hearing loss

38
Q

normal route by which airborne sound reaches the cochlea

A

air conduction

39
Q

vibrations are transmitted directly to the cochlea bypassing the middle ear

A

bone conduction

40
Q

hearing loss seen with air conduction testing can be caused by

A

conductive and/or sensorineural hearing loss

41
Q

hearing loss seen with bone conduction testing can be caused by

A

sensorineural hearing loss

42
Q

examples of objective hearing tests [2]

A

auditory brainstem response (ABR)
otoacoustic emissions

43
Q

frequency specific threshold is measured using an […] conduction audiometric test

A

air

44
Q

a 20 dB increase is equivalent to a […] in intensity

A

10x increase

45
Q

common causes of conductive hearing loss that produces a moderate hearing loss of 30 dB [3]

A

cerumen
otitis media
otosclerosis

46
Q

presbycusis cause loss of […] frequency hair cells first

A

high

47
Q

causes of sensorineural hearing loss [6]

A

high intensity sound
presbycusis
ototoxic drugs
meniere’s
TORCH infections
hereditary

48
Q

ototoxic drugs

A

aspirin
aminoglycosides (mycins)
loop diuretics
cisplatin

49
Q

[…] hair cells are more susceptible to noise induced hearing loss

A

outer

50
Q

OHCs are amplifiers, their loss results in

A

30-40 dB loss

51
Q

IHCs are transducers, loss of all IHCs results in

A

deafness

52
Q

treatment of sensorineural hearing loss

A

hearing aids, amplify sound

53
Q

air conduction thresholds = bone conduction thresholds
with a notch of hearing loss at a specific frequency

A

sensorineural

(violinists commonly have a “notch”, due to specific exposure of long period of time)

54
Q

speech frequency is typically between […] and […] Hz

A

1000-4000 Hz

55
Q

recorded using surface electrodes, stimulus-evoked

A

Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR)

56
Q

measure of outer hair cell function recorded using a small microphone in ear canal

A

otoacoustic emissions testing

57
Q

perception of a phantom sound that occurs in the absence of actual sound

A

tinnitus

(often accompanied with cochlear hair cell loss)

58
Q

tinnitus due to pulsation of a blood vessel

A

objective tinnitus

59
Q

tinnitus due to dysfunction in the auditory system

A

subjective tinnitus

(more common than objective)

60
Q

does cutting the auditory nerve fix tinnitus?

A

no, it is a CNS problem
cutting the nerve can cause more issues

61
Q

hearing level below […] indicates hearing loss

A

-20 dB

62
Q

hearing loss measured with bone conduction reflects only […] loss

A

sensorineural

63
Q

if the hearing loss is only conductive, […] will be normal on audiogram

A

bone conduction thresholds

64
Q

air conduction and bone conduction thresholds the same

A

sensorineural loss

65
Q

loss involving both sensorineural and conductive components

A

mixed

66
Q

what kind of hearing loss?

A

conductive

67
Q

what kind of hearing loss?

A

sensorineural (presbycusis)

68
Q

what kind of hearing loss?

A

sensorineural (induced by specific frequency- violinists)

69
Q

hair cell death will result in […] hearing loss

A

permanent

70
Q

overproduction of endolymph is a feature of

A

Menieres

71
Q

otitis media would cause […] hearing loss

A

conductive

72
Q

fixation of the middle ear ossicles

A

otosclerosis (causes conductive hearing loss)

73
Q

[…] frequency hair cells are more susceptible to damage with age

A

high

74
Q

Meniere’s causes […] hearing loss

A

sensorineural

75
Q

how do outer hair cells generate otoacoustic emissions?

A

create movement of basilar membrane —> sound wave travels throughout cochlea

76
Q

microtia results from suppressed […] proliferation

A

mesenchymal

77
Q

rubella virus causes abnormalities of what structure in fetal development?

A

spiral organ of corti (membranous labyrinth)

BMB Test 2 (17 decks)

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