B7

Question 1

what is a non communicable disease

Answer 1

a disease that can’t be spread

Question 2

what is a risk factor

Answer 2

something that can give you a higher chance of developing certain diseases

Question 3

list some risk factors that are aspects of your lifestyle

Answer 3

smoking, drinking alcohol, overeating or lack of exercise

Question 4

list some risk factors you can’t control

Answer 4

genes you inherit from your parents, ionising radiation, uv light from the sun

Question 5

name a disease and a lifestyle factor that there is often a correlation with them

Answer 5

smoking and lung cancer

Question 6

what is causal mechanism

Answer 6

where a lifestyle factor influences another through biological processes

Question 7

how can a tumour form

Answer 7

when control of the cell cycle is lost and cells grow in an uncontrolled abnormal way

Question 8

are benign tumours cancerous

Answer 8

no

Question 9

are malignant tumours cancerous

Answer 9

yes

Question 10

can a benign tumour invade other parts of the body

Answer 10

no

Question 11

how can a benign tumour be life threatening

Answer 11

they can put pressure on vital organs as they can grow very large very quickly

Question 12

can a malignant tumours invade other parts of the body

Answer 12

yes

Question 13

how do malignant tumours spread around the body

Answer 13

the tumour splits up, releasing clumps of cells in the blood stream, they circulate and may lodge into another organ, and form a secondary tumour

Question 14

what is the difference between cancerous cells and normal cells

Answer 14

cancerous cells spread more quickly and live for longer

Question 15

what is often the cause of breast and ovarian cancer

Answer 15

genetic risk factors

Question 16

what causes most cancers

Answer 16

mutations and ionising radiation

Question 17

what chemicals can cause mutations

Answer 17

asbestos and tar

Question 18

what is a carcinogen

Answer 18

a chemical that causes cancer

Question 19

what are examples of ionising radiation

Answer 19

x rays and UV light from the sun

Question 20

what causes 15% of UK cancers

Answer 20

viral infections

Question 21

what is radiotherapy

Answer 21

cancer cells are destroyed by targeted doses of radiation, this stops mitosis in cancer cells but can also damage healthy cells

Question 22

what is chemotherapy

Answer 22

where chemicals are used to either stop the cancer cells from dividing or making them self destruct

Question 23

what are some lifestyle risk factors for getting cancer

Answer 23

smoking, obesity and UV exposure

Question 24

what is nicotine

Answer 24

an addictive drug

Question 25

what is carbon monoxide

Answer 25

a poisonous gas found in cigarettes that takes up oxygen carrying capacity in your lungs

Question 26

after a cigarette how much of your blood is carrying carbon monoxide rather than oxygen

Answer 26

10%

Question 27

what can smoking during pregnancy cause

Answer 27

premature babies, stillbirths and low birth weight babies

Question 28

what can happen to a fetus when a woman smokes while pregnant

Answer 28

it may not grow properly as the woman provides oxygen for the baby, and when she smokes she has higher levels of carbon monoxide, meaning the baby may not get enough oxygen

Question 29

what do carcinogens do to the cilia in the trachea

Answer 29

they make them stop working

Question 30

what happens when the cilia stop working

Answer 30

they allow dirt and pathogens into the lungs, increasing the risk of infections

Question 31

what is bronchitis

Answer 31

infection and inflammation of the bronchi

Question 32

what causes bronchitis

Answer 32

tar

Question 33

what can build up of tar in the lungs cause

Answer 33

breakdown of the structure of alveoli

Question 34

what is COPD and what does it do

Answer 34

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can reduce the volume to surface area ratio of the lungs, leading to severe breathlessness and eventually death

Question 35

what other diseases can tar cause

Answer 35

lung cancer and throat cancer

Question 36

what is cardiovascular disease

Answer 36

disease in the blood vessels or heart

Question 37

what does nicotine do to the heart

Answer 37

it increases the heart rate

Question 38

what diseases do the chemicals in smoking make more likely

Answer 38

coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease

Question 39

can smoking cause blood clots to form

Answer 39

yes

Question 40

what can blood clots cause

Answer 40

heart attacks and strokes

Question 41

what health problems can obesity lead to

Answer 41

type 2 diabetes, high blood and heart disease

Question 42

can exersice levels affect your chance of getting cardiovascular disease

Answer 42

yes, the more you exercise the less likely you are to develop cardiovascular disease

Question 43

what are some causal mechanisms to do with exercise

Answer 43

you have more muscle tissue, meaning you are less likely to be overweight, reducing the risk of arthritis, high blood pressure and diabetes

Question 44

what does having low blood cholesterol levels cause

Answer 44

it reduces your risk of fatty deposits building up in your coronary arteries, lowering your risk of heart disease

Question 45

what is type 2 diabetes

Answer 45

where your body doesnt make enough insulin to control blood sugar levels

Question 46

what are risk factors for type 2 diabetes

Answer 46

not exercising, being overweight or obese

Question 47

is type 2 diabetes reversable

Answer 47

yes if people exersice and eat a balanced diet

Question 48

how does alcohol affect the body

Answer 48

it can affect reaction time, thought processes and reflexes it can sometimes lead to lack of self control and lack of judgement

Question 49

what happens when someone becomes addicted to alcohol

Answer 49

their brain and liver suffer long term damage

Question 50

is alcohol a carcinogen

Answer 50

yes it an cause liver cancer