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Biology > B7: Animal Coordination, Control And Homeostasis > Flashcards

B7: Animal Coordination, Control And Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the endocrine system ?

A

A network of glands that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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2
Q

What is a hormone ?

A

A cell signalling molecule produced by endocrine glands and released into the blood it then travels to the target organ

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3
Q

What is the pituitary gland ?

A

It is the “master gland” or a gland that produced hormones wich control other glands

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4
Q

What are the adrenal glands ?

A

Endocrine gland that produces adrenaline

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5
Q

Were are the adrenal glands located ?

A

Above the kidney

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6
Q

What is adrenaline ?

A

A hormone produced by the adrenal gland that is involved in fight or flight response

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7
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline on the body ?

A

Increases heart rate and blood pressure

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8
Q

How does adrenaline increases heart rate and blood pressure ?

A

Adrenaline travels into the bloodstream and it then binds to specific receptors on a cell in the heart causing the heart muscle to contract more frequently

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9
Q

What is negative feedback ?

A

It reverses a change in conditions.

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10
Q

What is the thyroid gland ?

A

Endocrine gland that produces thyroxine

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11
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located ?

A

In the neck

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12
Q

What is thyroxine ?

A

A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that controls metabolic rate

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13
Q

What is metabolic rate ?

A

The rate at which biochemical reactions occur in cells

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14
Q

How is thyroxine released ?

A

Hypothalamus secretes TRH this stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete TSH which then stimulates the release of thyroxine from the thyroid gland

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15
Q

What does TRH stand for ?

A

Thyrotropin releasing Hormone

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16
Q

What does TSH stand for ?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

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17
Q

How do the overies act as an endocrine gland ?

A

They secrete oestrogen into the bloodstream

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18
Q

How do the testes act as an endocrine gland ?

A

They secrete testosterone into the bloodstream

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19
Q

What is the menstrual cycle ?

A

The cycle in women that involves
1. Shedding of uterus lining
2. Repair of uterus lining
3. Release of an egg
4. Maintenance of uterus lining

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20
Q

Describe what happens days 1-5of the menstrual cycle ?

A

If fertilisation and implantation do not occur the uterus lining sheds and the egg is expelled with it (menstruation)

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21
Q

What happens day 5-12of the menstrual cycle ?

A

Uterus lining thickens and blood vessels grow in preparation for the implantation of an egg

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22
Q

What happens day 12-14 of the menstrual cycle ?

A

The egg is released from the follicle into the oviduct (ovulation)

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23
Q

What happens days 14 - 28 of the menstrual cycle ?

A

Uterus lining maintained so implantation can occur

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24
Q

What hormones control the menstrual cycle ?

A
  1. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  2. Luteinising hormone (LH)
  3. Oestrogen
  4. Progesterone
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25
What is the role of the FSH hormone in the menstrual cycle ?
Secreted by the pituitary gland It travels through the bloodstream to the ovaries Which then triggers the development of a follicle in the ovaries This then causes the release of Oestrogen
26
What is the role of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle?
Secreted by the ovaries Repair and thicken the uterus lining Inhibits secretion of the FSH from the pituitary gland Stimulate secretion of LH from the pituitary gland
27
What is the role of LH in the menstrual cycle ?
Secreted by the pituitary gland Transported through the bloodstream to the ovaries Surge in LH triggers ovulation Stimulates follicle to develop into a corpus luteum which then secretes progesterone
28
What is a corpus luteum ?
Temporary endocrine structure Mass of cells that release progesterone Degenerates after a few days
29
What is the role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle ?
Secreted by the corpus luteum which This stimulates the uterus lining to thicken Inhibits the release of FSH and LH If there is no implantation then the progesterone levels decrease and uterus long sheds
30
What are contraceptives ?
A method or device utilised to prevent pregnancy
31
Which hormones can be taken to prevent pregnancy ?
Progesterone taken on its own Progesterone combined with oestrogen
32
How does progesterone prevent pregnancy?
Sperm finds it more difficult to enter the uterus as the cervical mucus is thickened
33
How does oestrogen prevent pregnancy?
Oestrogen inhibits FSH
34
How can progesterone be administered?
Mini pill or injection
35
How is progesterone and oestrogen can be administered as a contraceptive?
Combined pill or skin patch
36
What are the benefit of hormonal contraceptives methods ?
99% effective when used properly
37
What are the risks of hormonal contraceptives methods ?
They don’t protect against STI’s
38
What are the barrier methods of contraception?
Prevent the sperm and egg meeting E.g condom
39
What are the benefits of barrier methods of contraception?
Condoms are simple and quick to use and prevent STI’s
40
What 2 methods are used to treat infertility?
Clomifene therapy IVF
41
What is the role of hormones in IVF ?
FSH and LH given to a woman to stimulate egg production and ovulation
42
Outline clomifene therapy ?
Prescription of clomifene drug to women who do not ovulate regularly Stimulate secretion of more FSH and LH which triggers egg production and ovulation
43
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body despite fluctuations in the internal or external conditions
44
Why is homeostasis important ?
To ensure optimum condition for enzymes and cellular precesses in the body
45
State 3 conditions within the body that must be controlled by homeostasis?
Temperature Blood glucose concentration Water level
46
What is thermoregulation ?
The maintenance of core body temperature
47
Why must body temperature be controlled?
Enzymes work best at their optimum temperature and Id temperature changes the rate of enzyme controlled reactions
48
What is the optimum temperature for enzymes in the body ?
37°C
49
What does the maintenance of an ideal body temperature depend on ?
A negative feedback system
50
Where are the temperature sensitive receptors located?
Skin (epidermis,outer layer and the dermis,below epidermis) Hypothalamus
51
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
It coordinates information from the receptors and sends instructions to the effectors
52
What happens when the body temperature goes above 37°C ?
Vasodilation, sweating, erector muscles relax so hairs lie flat
53
How does sweating help to reduce the body temperature?
Heat energy is used to evaporate sweat. increased heat transfer from the skin to the environment decreases body temperature
54
What is vasodilation ?
Dilation of the blood vessels near the surface of the skin which allows blood to flow closer to the surface creating greater heat loss
55
What happens when the body temperature goes below 37°C ?
Vasoconstriction, shivering, hair erector muscles contract so hair stands up on end
56
How does shivering increase body temperature?
Involuntary contracting of muscle generates heat energy from respiration
57
What is vasoconstriction?
Constriction of blood vessels near the skin surface so there is less blood flow close to the skin meaning less heat loss to the surrounding
58
What organ is responsible for the maintenance of the blood glucose concentration?
Pancreas
59
How are blood glucose levels controlled?
Controlled by the hormone insulin and glucagon which are secreted by the pancreas
60
What is an antagonistic hormone?
They have opposite effects which counteract one another
61
True or False insulin and glucagon are antagonistic hormones?
True
62
What is the role of insulin in the regulation of blood sugar levels ?
Cause the liver and muscle cells to increase their uptake in glucose from the blood Glucose is converted into glycogen a storage molecule
63
What is the role of glucagon on the regulation of blood sugar levels ?
Causes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver Glucose is released into the blood
64
What happens when blood glucose levels get to high ?
1. The pancreas secretes insulin and stops producing glucagon 2. Liver and muscle cells increase uptake in glucose from the 3. Glucose is converted into glycogen and stored
65
What happens when blood glucose levels get to low ?
1. Blood glucose concentration decreases below a set point 2. pancreas secretes glucagon and stops producing insulin 3. Liver cells convert glycogen into glucose which is released into the blood
66
What is the cause of type 1 diabetes?
Pancreas does not produce enough insulin
67
How is type one diabetes treated ?
1. Daily insulin injections 2. Limiting intake of refined sugars 3. Regular exercise
68
What is the cause of type 2 diabetes?
Person develops a resistance to insulin
69
How is type 2 diabetes treated?
1. Balanced diet 2. Exercise 3. Sometimes medication
70
What is BMI ?
a value based on height and mass to categorise and individual as under or over weight
71
What BMI indicates obesity and an increase risk type 2 diabetes?
BMI larger than 30
72
What is osmoregulation ?
The maintenance of constant water levels in the body of an organism
73
Why is osmoregulation important ?
Prevents cells bursting or shrinking when waters enter or leave cells by osmosis
74
What happens to an animal cell when it is placed in a solution with a higher water concentration?
Water molecules move down the water concentration gradient by osmosis so the pressure in the cell will increase and cause it to burst
75
What happens to an animal cell when it is placed in a solution with a lower water concentration?
Water molecules move down the water concentration gradient by osmosis so the pressure in the cell will decrease and cause it to shrink
76
What is the function of the kidneys ?
Removes toxic waste substance from the body
77
How is urea produced ?
In the liver, urea is produced from the breakdown of excess amino acids
78
What is the function of the renal artery?
Supplies blood to the kidney
79
What is the function of the renal vein?
Drains blood from the kidney
80
What is the function of the renal vein?
Drains blood from the kidney
81
What is the function of the ureter ?
Takes urine to the bladder from the kidneys
82
What is the function of the urethra ?
Releases urine from the bladder out of the body
83
How is the concentration and volume of urine controlled ?
Controlled by the secretion of anti diuretic hormone
84
What produces ADH?
Pituitary gland
85
How does ADH affect the reabsorption of water from the kidney tubules ?
ADH increase the permeability of the collecting ducts enabling more water to be reabsorbed into the blood
86
How can kidney failure be treated?
Kidney transplant and kidney dialysis
87
Describe how adrenaline increases respiration at muscle tissues ?
• Adrenaline binds to specific receptors on cells in the liver • Triggers breakdown of glycogen stores and release of glucose blood glucose levels increase • Increased heart rate causes greater blood flow to muscles • muscle cells receive more oxygen and glucose for respiration
88
What is kidney dialysis?
A machine artificially filters a patient's blood
89
How does kidney dialysis work?
• Selectively permeable barrier separates patient's blood from dialysis fluid • Materials are exchanged across the barrier e.g. urea, excess ions and water move out of the blood and into the dialysis fluid • Large cells and proteins remain in the blood
90
Describe the composition of dialysis fluid?
• Same concentration of glucose and ions as in normal blood plasma • No urea
91
What does a kidney transplant involve?
Taking a kidney from a living donor or someone recently deceased and implanting it into the patient.
92
What is the risk associated with kidney transplants?
Risk of the body rejecting the transplanted kidney
93
What precautions are taken to minimise the risk of rejection?
• Tissue typing ensures that the transplanted organ is 'compatible' with the recipient • Immunosuppressant drugs help prevent the immune system from rejecting the organ

Biology (11 decks)

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