B7 - Further Biology (Peak Performance) Flashcards
(70 cards)
1
Q
Draw a diagram to show the circulatory system of the Heart.
A
2
Q
Vertebrates have an internal skeleton, what are the 3 advantages of having this?
A
- Provides support.
- Enables movement.
- Protects internal organs.
3
Q
What are bones?
A
Rigid tissues that make up the skeleton.
4
Q
What are muscles?
A
Tissues that contract and relax.
5
Q
What are ligaments?
A
Tough, fibrous, elastic connective tissues that connect bones together in a joint.
It is found on the outside of bones.
6
Q
What are tendons?
A
Tough, fibrous, elastic connective tissues that connect muscle to bone or muscle to muscle.
7
Q
Draw a labelled diagram of a joint.
A
8
Q
When raising the arm, your biceps contract/relax?
A
When raising the arm, your biceps contract.
9
Q
When lowering the arm, your biceps contract/relax?
A
When lowering the arm, your biceps relax.
10
Q
When raising the arm, your triceps contract/relax?
A
When raising the arm, your triceps relax.
11
Q
When lowering the arm, your triceps contract/relax?
A
When lowering the arm, your triceps contract.
12
Q
When bones move, one muscle contracts whilst another relaxes. What is this called?
A
An antagonistic pair.
13
Q
What would happen if your tendons connecting the triceps to the bone were cut?
A
The triceps would not be able to contract and the arm would remain in the up position.
14
Q
What is the job of cartilage?
A
Cartilage is a smooth layer between joints, and a tough connective tissue that helps reduce wear and tear in a joint.
15
Q
What is the job of synovial fluid?
A
Synovial fluid is found between cartilage, and enables the joint to move freely by reducing friction and cushioning the joint against bumps and knocks.
16
Q
What is a practitioner?
A
Doctors, registered nurses, fitness instructors and opticians who are specially trained to help you maintain and improve your health and fitness.
17
Q
Why must a practitioner properly assess a patient before any diagnostic tests are carried out?
A
In order to make sure that the treatment recommended is effective and will not make their condition worse, or cause another problem.
18
Q
Name the 5 different factors that are assessed by practitioners.
A
- Current medication - Avoid conflicts.
- Alcohol consumption - Excessive consumption can cause weight gain, damage to liver and kidneys and interfere with some medications.
- Tobacco consumption - Smoking has been directly linked with lung cancer, heart disease, high blood pressure.
- Family medical history - Some medical conditions can be genetic (inherited).
- Previous treatments - Recurring symptoms may need a different diagnosis or to see a specialist.
19
Q
Give 3 examples for methods of medical treatment.
A
- Greater levels of fitness.
- A period of recovery.
- Rehabilitation, e.g: Learning how to walk again after an accident.
20
Q
What must a patient be made aware of so that they can make an informed decision before consenting?
A
- The risks.
- The likelihood of success.
This information will be told by the practitioner.
21
Q
Why must treatment/fitness programs be monitored?
A
- To check that it is having the desired effect.
- So that it can be modified depending on the patient’s progress.
(Too hard/continued problem/new injury vs too easy/slow progress/patient would not recover fast enough).
22
Q
What is aerobic fitness?
A
Aerobic fitness, also known as cardiovascular fitness, is a measurement of the ability for the heart to supply oxygen-rich blood to the working muscle tissues and the ability of the muscles using oxygen to provide energy for movement.
23
Q
Name two ways of monitoring progress during training AND explain how to interpret this data.
A
- Measure the pulse rate (Heart rate).
- Measure their aerobic fitness (Cardiovascular fitness).
You should also be aware of how to interpret this data:
- A patient who is increasing their aerobic fitness should lower their heart rate and have a faster recovery rate.
- Resting blood pressure should be reduced by a fitness programme.
24
Q
Below is a graph showing the pulse rate of two people over time. Comment on the graph.
A
LVL 1 answers
- Aliza has a higher pulse rate than stuart (ORA).
LVL 2 answers
- Mention of specific area in time during excercise (Before, during and after).
- Use of figures in answer.
- Stuart is fitter than Aliza.
LVL 3 answers
- Stuart has a shorter recovery time than Aliza (ORA).
- Aliza has a higher resting pulse rate than Stuart (ORA).
N.B: Not a real mark scheme.
25
Why is **regular contact** between a **patient** and **practionioner important**?
* The practitioner has more opportunity to become familiar with the **medical history** and **background of the patient**.
* The patient will feel more **comfortable** and **reassured** if they see the same practitioner each time.
26
What **two** things may happen **_after_** **treatment/training**?
* **Tests** may be carried out *(e.g: Pulse rate/blood pressure)*.
* The patient may be asked a **questionnaire** about **progress** and **issues**.
27
What is the equation to **calculate BMI**?
**BMI = Body mass *(kg)* / Height2 *(m2)***.
28
You must be aware of how to **interpret BMI results**. **How** does this work?
You **compare your BMI level on a chart** to provide a **simple indicator of fitness level**.
29
Why is **BMI _not_ an accurate example of fitness level**?
* It **does not actually measure body-fat levels**, and excess body fat indicates poor fitness.
* It does not take into account **muscle mass**, **bone density**, **overall body composition**, and **racial** and **sex** differences.
* It is **_not_ an absolute measure**.
30
Why might a practitioner **not agree** with **certain treatment or fitness programmes for their patients**?
* Due to **previous experiences** with their patients.
* Values such as **BMI**, only being an **indicator**.
* Not suitable due to **injury/fitness levels**.
31
Why is it **essential that accurate records are kept** during treatment/fitness programmes?
To **assess progress** and **determine trends**.
32
What **additional information** must be contained in **progress records**?
* **Accuracy** of recording techniques.
* **Repeatability** of recording techniques.
33
Name **3 examples** of **injuries that can be obtained through excessive excercise**.
* **Sprains**.
* **Dislocations**.
* **Torn ligaments or tendons**.
34
**Define** a **sprain**.
A **wrench** or **twist** of the **ligaments of a joint**.
35
What are the **3 symptoms of a sprain**?
* **_Swelling_** - due to **fluid build up** at the site of the sprain.
* **_Pain_** - the joint **hurts and may throb**.
* **_Redness and warmth_** - due to **increased blood flow** to the injured area.
36
Name **4 treatments for a sprain**.
Think **RICE**!
* **_Rest_** - Do not move the injured part of the body.
* **_Ice_** - Placed on the injury location for short periods *(Wrapped in suitable fabric to prevent ice burns)* to **reduce swelling and bleeding**.
* **_Compression_** - Gentle pressure to **reduce build-up of fluid which causes swelling**.
* **_Elevation_** - Injured body part should be raised to **reduce blood pressure, leading to less blood flow and swelling**.
37
What is a **physiotherapist**?
Somebody who **specialises in the treatment of skeletal-muscular injuries**.
They help patients **re-train** or **reuse** a part of the body that isn't functioning properly. This is usually done by **various excercises to strengthen particular muscles**.
38
A physiotherapist may offer a **programme to treat an injured leg**. What would this be?
1. **Warm up the joint** by **riding a stationary excercise bicycle**, then **straighten and raise the leg**.
2. **Extend the leg while sitting** *(A weight may be worn on the ankle for this)*.
3. **Raise the leg while lying on the stomach**.
4. **Excercise in a pool**. *e.g: Walk as fast as possible in chest-deep water, perform small flutter kicks while holding onto the side of the pool, and raise each leg to 90o in chest-deep water while pressing the back against the side of the pool.*
39
**State** the **4 components of the blood**.
* **Red blood cells**.
* **White blood cells**.
* **Platelets**.
* **Plasma**.
40
**Explain** the **function** of **red blood cells**.
Red blood cells **carry oxygen**. To do this **efficiently**, they have a **_bioconcave shape_** which **increases surface area**. Also, they are packed with the **red pigment**, **_haemoglobin_**, which **binds to oxygen**. To make room for this, they have **no nucleus**.
41
**Explain** the **function** of **white blood cells**.
Cells which **fight infection** and **defend the body against harmful microorganisms**.
42
**Explain** the **function** of **platelets**.
Platelets are **small**, **colourless**, **disc-shaped cells without a nucleus**, which **_clot together at injury sites to prevent blood loss_**.
43
**Explain** the **function** of **plasma**.
**Plasma** is a liquid that **transports nutrients** *(e.g: Glucose, mineral salts and amino acids)*, **hormones**, **antibodies** and **waste** *(e.g: CO2 and urea)* around the body.
44
Why is the **left side of the heart more muscular than the right**?
Because it **pumps blood around the whole body**, whereas the **right side only pumps blood to the lungs**.
45
**Describe** the **atria** in the heart.
Atria are **smaller, less muscular chambers** that **_receive blood coming back to the heart through the veins_**.
46
**Describe** the **ventricles** in the heart.
The **ventricles** are **larger, more muscular lower chambers** that **_pump blood out of the heart_**.
47
**Draw** and **label** the **heart**.
48
Where does the heart get its own **blood and glucose supply**?
From the **coronary artery**.
This is a **branch from the aorta to the heart**.
49
**Describe** the **circulatory system** in the heart.
1. The **heart muscles relax**, and **blood flows into the atria through veins** from the lungs and the rest of the body.
2. The **atria contract**, **squeezing blood into the ventricles**.
3. The **ventricles contract**, and **blood is forced out of the lower chambers**, which **carry the blood to the body and lungs**.
4. The heart muscles relax and the **whole process starts again**.
50
Humans have a **double circulation system**. What does this mean?
It means **blood returns to the heart twice on every circuit of the body**.
*(Vena Cava --\> Heart --\> Pulmonary artery --\> Lungs --\> Pulmonary vein --\> Heart)*.
51
What is it called when **haemoglobin binds to oxygen**?
**Oxyhaemoglobin**.
52
What are the **properties** of **arteries**?
* They **carry blood away from the heart**.
* They have **thick, elastic walls** to **cope with the high pressure of blood**.
* Substances can **_not_** **pass through the walls**.
53
What are the **properties** of **veins**?
* Veins **carry blood from the organs back to heart**.
* They have **thinner, less elastic walls**.
* They contain **valves** to **prevent backwards blood flow**.
* Substances can **_not_** **pass through the walls**.
54
What are the **properties** of **capillaries**?
* Capillaries **connect arteries to veins**.
* They have a **narrow, thin wall**, which is **one cell thick**.
* Capillaries deal with the **exchange of substances between cells and blood**.
55
What is **tissue fluid**?
Tissue fluid is **_flitered blood_**. It **enables the nutrients required by cells** *(e.g: Glucose and hormones)* **to diffuse into the tissue cells**. Also, it **collects and carries away some cellular waste products**, such as CO2 and urea. Furthermore, it has **shock-absorbing properties**.
56
**Explain** how **tissue fluid is formed**.
The **hydrostatic pressure is high at the start of the capillary**, so **plasma from the blood diffuses in and out of the capillary** through **pores** and **cell membranes**.
When blood flow in capillary beds is **very slow**, the **plasma leaves and becomes tissue fluid**.
Note that **most tissue fluid returns to the capillary bed, and becomes plasma again**.
57
**Explain** how **body temperature is kept constant**.
Body temperature is kept constant by **balancing energy loss and energy gain**.
This is the nervous path for body temperature:
1. Temperature **receptors in the skin detect the external temperature**.
2. Information is passes to the processing centre in the brain, the **hypothalamus**.
3. The internal temperature of the blood and external temperature from the receptors is **compared**.
4. **Effectors** *(Sweat glands and muscles)* **carry out the automatic response**.
58
Why are the **feet and hands** some of the **coldest parts of the body**?
Because **energy from the blood is transferred to more vital organs** by the time it gets to these parts of the body.
59
What happens if you are **too hot**?
* You begin to **_sweat_** through **glands**. Water on the skin cools you down.
* **_Vasodilation_** occurs - Blood vessels in the skin **dilate**, allowing **more blood to flow** through the **superficial capillary**. This capillary is closer to the skin cells, and therefore **more heat can be radiated through the cells**.
60
What happens if you are **too cold**?
* You begin to **_shiver_** - Movement of the muscles requires energy from **increased respiration**, and **heat is released a by-product**, warming surrounding tissue.
* **_Vasoconstriction_** occurs - Blood vessels in the skin **constrict**, **reducing the blood flow** through the **superficial capillary**. Therefore, **less heat is lost** through the surface of the skin by radiation.
61
**Vasodilation** and **Vasoconstriction** are examples of an **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ response**.
**Vasodilation** and **Vasoconstriction** are examples of an **_antagonistic_ response** *(Opposite response)*.
62
What is the job of **insulin**?
**Insulin** is a **hormone** which **makes cells remove sugar from the blood**.
63
What is **diabetes**?
When the **production of the hormone insulin goes wrong**. Either the **body does not produce enough insulin**, or the **body is not able to use insulin effectively**.
64
**State** and **explain** the **two types of diabetes**.
**_Type 1 diabetes_**
Occurs when the **pancreas stops producing enough insulin**. This is **usually genetic** and **symptoms are usually sudden**.
Controlled by **insulin injections and diet**.
**_Type 2 diabetes_**
When the **body stops responding to its own insulin, or doesn't produce enough insulin**. **Symptoms are usually gradual**.
Usually caused by **old age**, or as a result of a **poor diet or obesity**.
May be referred to as **late-onset diabetes**.
Can be controlled by **diet and excercise**.
65
What is the **difference** between the **types of carbohydrates** found in **processed foods** and **fruits**?
* **Processed foods** use sugars called **simple carbohydrates**.
* **Fruits** use other sugars called **complex carbohydrates**.
**Simple carbohydrates** release sugar **quickly**, causing a rapid rise in blood sugar levels.
**Complex carbohydrates** release sugar **slowly**, so they're **more likely to help maintain a constant sugar level**. **Soluble fibres** *(Like those in fruit, oats and beans)* also have the **same effect**.
66
Name some **conditions that can be developed as a result of high sugar intake**.
* **Diabetes**.
* **Heart disease**.
* **Obesity**.
* **Cancer** *(e.g: Bowel cancer)*.
67
How is **unused glucose converted and stored**?
Unused **glucose** is converted to **glycogen** in the **liver**.
Here, **glycogen creates reserves of lipids** *(Fats)*.
The **hormone glucagon** is released from **alpha cells** in the **pancreas**, which tell the body to **remove glucose and absorb it into the blood**.
68
Name **two ways of testing for diabetes**.
* **Blood sample**.
* **Urine sample**.
69
What is a **typical "healthy" blood pressure reading**?
**120/80mmHg**.
70
**Name** the **3 types of muscle**.
* **_Cardiac muscle_** - Muscle used for the **heart**. **Never gets tired**. Looks like **patchwork** under the microscope and has **lots of mitochondria**. Moves **involuntarily**.
* **_Smooth muscle_** - Muscle found **internally**. Looks **smooth** under the microscope.
* **_Skeletal muscle_** - The muscle **attached to your bones by your tendons**.
