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B7 (Human nutrition) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are carbohydrates

A

compounds found in living things composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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2
Q

What are fats?

A

A compound that consists of glycerol and fatty acids

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3
Q

What are proteins?

A

Made of amino acids- used to synthesise muscle, skin, bone, and enzymes. Sources

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4
Q

What are protein’s functions

A

-structural support
-biochemical catalyst
-hormone
-building block

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5
Q

What are vitamins

A

a group of micronutrients essential for healthy metabolic processes - found in fruits and vegetables

e.g C,B (water soluble) A, D, E, K (fat soluble)

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6
Q

what is fibre

A

type of carbohydrate that the body cannot digest

e.g cellulose - plant based carb

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7
Q

Sources of carbs

A

fruit, vegetables, pasta, bread, potatoes

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8
Q

function of carbs

A

provides energy

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9
Q

sources of fats

A

avocado, nuts, olive oil, oily fish

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10
Q

function of fats

A

provides energy

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11
Q

sources of proteins

A

meat, fish, eggs, beans, pulses, nuts

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12
Q

main function of proteins

A

growth and repair

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13
Q

sources of vitamin C

A

oranges, red pepers, kale, broccoli

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14
Q

function of Vitamin C

A

maintains healthy blood vessels, skin, cartilage and bones

helps heal wounds

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15
Q

Sources of vitamin D

A

salmon, cheese, eggs

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16
Q

Function of vitamin D

A

regulate the amount of calcium and phosphate in the body

keeps teeth, bones and muscles healthy

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17
Q

sources of calcium (mineral)

A

milk, sardines, broccoli, kale, okra, spinach

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18
Q

sources of iron (mineral)

A

red meat, beans, nuts

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19
Q

Function of calcium

A

strong bones and teeth

muscle contraction and clotting of wounds

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20
Q

Function of iron

A

production of haemoglobin for red blood cells

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21
Q

sources of fibre

A

cereals, vegetables, fruit, brown rice, nuts, potatoes

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22
Q

Function of fibre

A

helps digestion and moving food and faeces along the gut

associated with lower risks of heart disease, type 2 diabetes and bowel cancer

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23
Q

sources of water

A

water and other drinks

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24
Q

What happens due to a vitamin D deficiency?

A

rickets

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25
Symptoms of rickets
bone pain weakness in the muscles bone loss with increased risk of fractures and skeletal deformities
26
what happens due to a vitamin C deficiency?
scurvy
27
symptoms of scurvy
severe leg pain or join pain tiredness weakness blue or red spots on the skin which bruise easily swollen or bleeding gums
28
What is digestion?
The breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into smaller, water soluble molecules that can be transported across membranes and used for metabolism
29
What are the two types of digestion?
Physical/mechanical Chemical
30
What is physical digestion?
involves breaking down food into smaller pieces without any chemical changes happens in: mouth, stomach (movement of the stomach walls)
31
What is chemical digestion?
involves breaking down large insoluble molecules in food into small soluble molecules, with the help of enzymes This happens in: the mouth, the stomach, the small intestine
32
define ingestion
the taking in of substances into the body through the mouth
33
What two functions does the mouth have?
digestion- amylase breaks down carbs ingestion- food is taken in through the mouth
34
both ___________ and ___________digestion happen in the mouth
chemical mechanical
35
Define absorption
the movement of digested food molecules through the wall of the (mostly small) intestine into the blood.
36
Define assimilation
the movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are needed.
37
Define egestion
the passing out of food that hasn't been digested as faeces through the anus
38
How is egestion and excretion different?
excretion is the removal of waste products of metabolic processes.
39
Where in the body does ingestion happen?
mouth- it is then swallowed and passed down the oesophagus
40
where does digestion happen?
mechanic: in the mouth, stomach (walls moving to break food into small pieces) chemical: mouth, stomach, small intestine
41
where does absorption happen?
small intestine
42
Where does assimilation happen?
happens throughout the body e.g amino acids are converted into proteins in the liver
43
Where does egestion happen?
faeces are stroed in the rectum. passed through the anus
44
what is the alimentary canal (gut)?
tube in which food passes through the body- food enters the mouth then leaves at the anus
45
What journey does food take
mouth oesophagus stomach small intestine large intestine anus (alimentary canal)
46
what parts does the small intestine consist of
duodenum ileum
47
what are salivary glands
glands in the mouth which secrete saliva containing amylase (starch)
48
what is the liver
organ that produces bile which emulsifies fats and neutralises the acidic chyme from the stomach
49
what is the gall bladder
sac like structure which stores bile before release into the duodenum
50
What is the pancreas
A gland located behind the stomach that secretes digestive enzymes (protease, lipase, carbohydrase) and the hormones insulin and glucagon
51
function of stomach
food is mixed with enzymes and acid here- churned up by strong muscles (physical digestion)
52
What is the duodenum?
section of the small intestine connected to the liver, gall bladder and pancreas which supplies it with bile and lots of enzymes
53
function of the small intestine
where food is absorbed into the bloodstream and taken to the parts of the body
54
function of the large intestine
any part of the food which can't be digested are stored here as faeces before being egested via the anus water is reabsorbed from the digesting food
55
Is pancreatic juice alkaline or acidic
alkaline - contains a high concentration of hydrogen carbonate ions neutralises acid in the food leaving the stomach
56
What role does HCL in the stomach play?
in denaturing enzymes in harmful microorganisms, thereby killing bacteria in food provides optimum PH for protease activity
57
protease if found in the _______ and breaks down _______, producing _________
stomach proteins amino acids
58
Lipase is found in the _________(duodenum) and breaks down lipids, producing _______ and _____ acids
small intestine glycerol fatty
59
amylase is found in the _________ and __________ and breaks down _______, producing simpler sugars e.g _______, _______, ________
mouth+small intestine (duodenum) starch glucose, lactose, sucrose
60
What is the function of bile?
Helps to neutralise the acidic mixture of food and gastric juices entering the duodenum from the stomach emulsifies fats enables a suitable PH for enzyme action in the small intestine
61
What does the emulsion of fats mean?
increases surface area for lipase to act on by breaking fats into small droplets (chemical digestion)
62
How is the small intestine adapted for efficient absorption?
63
What are villi (villus sing.)
finger-like protrusions on the wall of the small intestine that increase its surface area for nutrient absorption.

Biology (8 decks)

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