B7: Non-communicable Disease Flashcards
(24 cards)
What is non-communicable disease?
A non-communicable disease cannot be spread and are not pathgenic
What is a risk factor
Any factor that increases the risk of someone getting a disease is a called a risk factor.
What is a causative?
Some risk factors have been identified as causing a disease.
What is a correlation?
Some risk factors are known to be linked to a particular disease, but do not actually cause the disease.
What are the risk factors of lung disease and lung cancer?
Smoking cigarettes
What are the risk factors of type 2 diabetes?
Overconsumption of sugar, lack of exercise, obesity
What are the risks of cardiovascular disease?
Poor diet- saturated fat, smoking, lack of exercise
What are the risks of liver disease/ cirrhosis of the liver ?
Use of alcohol
What are the risk factors of Impaired brain development in the fetus?
Smoking and alcohol
What causes a tumour to form?
They divide rapidly with little non-dividing time for growth in between each division. This results in a mass of abnormally growing cells called a tumour. Control of cells cycle lost- genetic mutation
What is a benign tumour?
Growths of abnormal cells contained in one place usually within a membrane. They don’t invade pther parts of the body but can grow very large quickly. Could become life-threatening if causing pressure or damage to an organ.
What is a malignant tumour?
Can spread around the body, invading neighbouring healthy tissues. They are often referred to as cancer. The initial tumour may split up, releasing small clumps of cells into the bloodstream or lymphatic system. They migrate and are carried around the body where they may lodge in another organ. They then continue their uncontrolled division and form secondary tumours.
What are some of the causes of cancer?
- Generic risk factors for some cancers including early breast cancer and ovarian cancer
- Most cancers are the result of mutations - changes in the genetic material.
- Ionising radiation, such as UV light and X-rays, can also interrupt the normal cell cycle and cause tumours to form.
What are the main ways of treating cancer?
- Radiotherapy, when the cancer cells are destroyed by targeted doses of radiation. This stops mitosis in the cancer cells but may also damage healthy cells. Methods of delivering radiation in very targeted ways are improving cure rates
- Chemotherapy, where chemicals are used to either stop the cancer cells dividing or make them ‘self-destruct’. Scientists are working to make the, as specific to cancer cells as possible to prevent damage to healthy tissue/cells
What is a carcinogen?
A carcinogen is a substance, organism or agent capable of causing cancer
What is the main carcinogen in cigarette smoke?
Tar
How does smoking affect the cardiovascular system?
Smoking narrows the blood vessels on your skim. Nicotine makes the heart rate increase whilst other chemicals damage the lining of the arteries. This makes coronary heart disease more likely, and it increases the risk of clot formation. The mixture of chemicals in cigarette smoke also lead to an increase in blood pressure. This combination of effects increases the risk of suffering cardiovascular disease.
What are other effects if smoking on a fetus?
During pregnancy a woman is carrying oxygen for her developing fetus as well as herself. If the mother’s blood is carry carbon monoxide, the fetus may not receive enough oxygen for growth, leading to premature births, low birthweight babies and stillbirths.
How may diet cause disease?
- If you eat more food than you need, the excess is stored as fat. You need some body fat t9 cushion internal organs and act as an energy store, however, regularly eating too much may result in obesity
• Obesity can lead to serious health problems, such as type 2 diabetes (high blood sugar levels), high blood pressure, and heart disease
How may a lack of exercise lead to disease?
- You will have more muscle tissue, increasing metabolic rate, so you are less likely to be overweight, reducing risk of arthritis, diabetes and high blood pressure. Regular exercise lowers your blood cholesterol levels, reducing fatty deposits building up in coronary arteries
- The food eaten transfers energy to muscles as they work from respiration, so the amount of exercise affects the rate of respiration in muscles, and the amount of foo
How does alcohol cause disease?
ethanol is absorbed into the blood from the gut and passes easily into the body tissues including the brain. It affects the nervous system making thought processes reflexes, and many reactions slower than normal.
How does alcohol cause brain and liver damage?
• they may develop cirrhosis of the liver, the disease that destroys the liver tissue. The active liver cells are replaced with scar tissue that cannot carry out vital functions.
• Alcohol is a carcinogen so heavy drinkers are at increased risk of developing liver cancer. This usually spreads rapidly and is difficult to treat.
• Long-term heavy alcohol use also causes damage to the brain. In some alcoholics the brain becomes so soft and pulpy that the normal brain structures are lost and it can no longer function properly. This too can cause death.
How does alcohol affect pregnancies?
Miscarriages, still births, premature births, and low birth weight are all risks linked to drinking alcohol during pregnancy. The developing liver cannot cope with alcohol so the development of the brain and body of an unborn baby can be badly affected.
• The baby may have facial deformities, problems with its teeth, jaw or hearing, kidney, liver, and heart problems, and they have learning and other developmental issues
• This is known as fetal alcohol syndrome
What are the affects of ionising radiation?
The radiation penetrate the cells and damage the chromosomes, causing mutations in the DNA.
ionising radiation is particularly dangerous when taken directly into your body well known sources of ionising radiation include:
• ultraviolet light from the Sun, increasing the risk of skin cancers such as melanoma
• Radioactive materials found in the soil, water, and air
• Medical and dental x-rays
