B7 - Non Communicable Diseases

Question 1

B7.1 - Aiming for 4 - Name some non-communicable diseases

Answer 1

heart disease, arthritis, asthma

Question 2

B7.1 - Aiming for 4 - List some risk factors that are linked to an increased rate of disease

Answer 2

Diabetes - Lack of exercise, bad diet

Question 3

B7.1 - Aiming for 6 - Classify some diseases as communicable and non-communicable

Answer 3

Communicable - Covid-19, HIV, Ebola

Non-Communicable - heart disease, arthritis, asthma

Question 4

B7.2 - Aiming for 4 - What is a tumor?

Answer 4

A tumor is a mass of abnormally growing cells.

Question 5

B7.2 - Aiming for 4 - State some causes of cancer

Answer 5

heavy smoking, bad diet, genetical reasons (potentially contribute), exposure to ultraviolet radiation

Question 6

B7.2 - Aiming for 4 - List some benefits and risks of chemotherapy

Answer 6

Benefits - Cancer cells can be killed

Risks - Hair loss, Normal cells also killed.

Question 7

B7.2 - Aiming for 6 - Describe the difference between benign and malignant tumors.

Answer 7

Benign tumors tend to grow slowly and do not spread. Malignant tumors can grow rapidly, invade and destroy nearby normal tissues, and spread throughout the body.

Question 8

B7.2 - Aiming for 6 - Describe why carcinogens and ionising radiation increase the risk of tumors.

Answer 8

Carcinogens cause cancer by damaging DNA directly in cells and ionising radiation can cause cancer by also damaging DNA.

Question 9

B7.2 - Aiming for 8 - Explain how benign and malignant tumors can be life threatening.

Answer 9

Benign tumors can be dangerous if they press on vital organs like your brain. Malignant tumors can be life threatening when cells uncontrollably grow and spread.

Question 10

B7.2 - Aiming for 8 - Link a lack of control in the cell cycle to tumor formation.

Answer 10

cell cycle machinery controls cell proliferation, and cancer is a disease of inappropriate cell proliferation.

Question 11

B7.3 - Aiming for 4 - Name the harmful substances found in tobacco smoke.

Answer 11

Nicotine, carbon monoxide

Question 12

B7.3 - Aiming for 6 - Describe the effects of the harmful substances found in tobacco smoke

Answer 12

Nicotine in tobacco smoke can cause increased heart rate and could potentially lead to a heart attack if consumed often.

Question 13

B7.4 - Aiming for 4 - Describe some health problems caused by poor diet and lack of exercise

Answer 13

type 2 diabetes, heart disease

Question 14

B7.4 - Aiming for 4 - List some ways people can avoid becoming overweight.

Answer 14

Exercise and a balanced diet.

Question 15

B7.5 - Aiming for 6 - Describe the short term and long term effects of drinking alcohol

Answer 15

short term effects could be hangovers and alcohol poisoning whereas long term could be liver cancer and high blood pressure

Question 16

B7.5 - Aiming for 6 - Describe the effects of alcohol on unborn babies

Answer 16

Unborn babies can’t process alcohol so when mothers drink, the symptoms it leaves for the baby are poor growth, learning problems and potential facial problems.

Question 17

B7.5 - Aiming for 6 - Describe the link between Ionising Radiation and Cancer

Answer 17

Ionising radiation causes cancer by directly damaging DNA.

Question 18

B7.5 - Aiming for 8 - Explain in detail how drinking alcohol affects the nervous system.

Answer 18

Alcohol can affect several parts of the brain, contracts brain tissues, destroys brain cells, as well as depresses the central nervous system. Excessive drinking over a long period of time can cause serious problems with memory.

Question 19

B7.5 - Aiming for 8 - Explain the link between radiation and cancer

Answer 19

The link between radiation and cancer is that radiation directly damages the DNA and causes cancer.

Question 20

Keywords to know - What is the definition of benign tumors?

Answer 20

growths of abnormal cells that are contained in one area, usually within a membrane, and do not invade other tissues.

Question 21

Keywords to know - What is the definition of cancer?

Answer 21

name for a malignant tumor, formed as result of changes in cells leading to uncontrolled growth and division.

Question 22

Keywords to know - What is the definition of carcinogens?

Answer 22

agents that cause cancer or significantly increase the risk of developing cancer

Question 23

Keywords to know - What is the definition of a causal mechanism?

Answer 23

something that explains how one factor influences another

Question 24

Keywords to know - What is the definition of correlation?

Answer 24

an apparent link or relationship between two factors.

Question 25

Keywords to know - What is the definition of ionising radiation?

Answer 25

has enough energy to cause ionisation in materials it passes through, which in turn can make them biologically active and can result in mutation and cancer.

Question 26

Keywords to know - What is the definition of malignant tumors?

Answer 26

invade neighboring tissues and spread to different parts of body in blood where they form secondary tumors. also known as cancers.

Question 27

Keywords to know - What is the definition of tumor?

Answer 27

a mass of abnormally growing cells that forms when the cells do not respond to the normal mechanisms that control growth and when control of cell cycle is lost

Question 28

Explain how scientists could conduct a study to investigate the effect of e-cigarettes on human health. (6 marks)

Answer 28

The scientists should have a large number of volunteers, 500 each. I would make sure 1 side of 500 volunteers has e-cigarettes and the other side with normal cigarettes. Over the course of the study, I will note down the medical conditions any volunteers develop and check how their health is. To make sure my data is accurate, I will extend this study over the course of 4-6 months and spread the study over different countries over a few years. An extra thing that could help is the age and gender of the patients; we would need to have a mix of gender to see what conditions can develop and to keep the overall results reliable and valid.