B7- Non-Communicable diseases Flashcards
(30 cards)
what are non-communicable diseases
Non-communicable diseases = diseases that are not infective, and affect people as a result of their genes, lifestyle and environmental factors
what are the risk factors of non-communicable diseases
Risk factors for disease (split into modifiable and non-modifiable):
1. genes you inherit - non-modifiable
2. age - non-modifiable
3. aspects of lifestyle - modifiable - smoking, diet, lack of exercise
3. substances present in the environment and body - UV light from the Sun, second-hand tobacco smoke (passive smoking)
what is 2nd hand smoking/passive smoking
passive smoking = you yourself don’t smoke, but you inhale from smokers around you
what is carcinogen?
carcinogen = cancer-causing substance (smoking, alcohol, exposure to ionising radiation)
what are the effect of poor health with an example
(3 points)
Effect of poor health:
1. Financial cost - if the wage earner is ill, then they can’t work
2. Local communities help: formally through taxes or informally by helping affected families
3. Global economy suffers when the working class is affected
Some tumours are caused by communicable diseases
Examples:
1. In plants bacteria can cause crown galls
2. In humans HPV causes cervical cancer
what does cancer mean
Cancer = cells with uncontrollable cell division
what is cervical cancer
Cervical cancer = cancer of the cervix - a part of the female reproductive system
what are Benign tumours
Benign tumours = growth of abnormal cells contained in one place, usually within a membrane
This means that it doesn’t invade other parts of the body but can grow very fast, very quickly
what are Malignant tumours
Malignant tumours can spread around the body and invade neighbouring healthy tissues
what is the process of spreading in malignant tumours
Process of spreading:
1. Initial tumour may split up and release small clumps of cells into the bloodstream or lymphatic system
2. They circiulate or are carried around the body ⟶ can lodge into another organ
3. continuous cell division and it forms secondary tumours
compared to normal cells, cancer cells divide faster and they live longer
Cancer is so hard to treat because it spreads around the body
what are some causes of cancer
Some causes of cancer:
1. Genetic risk factors for some cancers: (breast and ovarian cancer)
2. Most cancers are a result of mutations - caused by mutagens like tar in tobacco and chemicals like asbestos
3. Ionising radiation - (UV and Xrays) - ionising = interrupts the normal cell cycle and causes tumours to form
4. viruses
what is Apoptosis
Apoptosis = (think pop - the sound when the cell bursts) - programmed cell death
Apoptosis normally gets rid of damaged or mutated cells - in tumours apoptosis is suppressed
what does ciggarete smoke contain
Cigarette smoke contains:
Nicotine - an addictive but relatively harmless drug in cigarettes - produces a sensation of ‘calm’, well-being, and ‘being able to cope’
CO - carbon monoxide - poisonous gas
CO is poisonous as it has a higher affinity to haemoglobin than oxygen, so it replaces oxygen in red blood cells/haemoglobin
why cant pregnant women smoke
Pregnant women carry O2 for themselves AND the foetus ⟶ smoking means the fetus may not get enough oxygen ⟶ so this leads to premature births, low birthweight babies and stillbirths
how is cilia affected by smoke
Cilia in trachea and bronchi are put to sleep by some chemicals in tobacco - this means when exposed to a lot of cigarette smoke, they can’t do their job (waft mucus out of the airways)SO the mucus build up over time ⟶ causes coughing
what happens if Tar builds up
Tar accumulates (builds up) in lungs and increases the chances of developing bronchitis along with other chemicals
Build up of tar leads to breakdown of alveoli ⟶ leads to COPD ⟶ reduces SA:V ratio in the lungs ⟶ severe breathlessness ⟶ eventually death
what is COPD
COPD = Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - people who have smoked for a long time get this
what can obesity lead to
Obesity can lead to type 2 diabetes (high blood sugar), high blood pressure, heart disease
what happens if you exercise more
If you exercise more:
1. You get muscle more muscle tissue ⟶ higher metabolism, less likely to be overweight ⟶ reduces the risk of developing arthritis(bad creaky joints), diabetes and high blood pressure
2. It lowers your blood cholesterol levels and helps balance different types of cholesterol ⟶ lowers health problems
In type 2 diabetes, either the body doesn’t make enough insulin or cells stop responding to it
what are risk factors for type 2 diabetes
1) Obesity
2) Low exercise
what is alcohol
Alcohol (ethanol) = is an addictive social drink
what happens after an alcoholic drink
After an alcoholic drink:
1. ethanol is absorbed into the blood from the gut, and passes easily into the body tissues, (including the brain)
2. So then alcohol affects our nervous system and makes thought processes and reflexes a lot slower
what can small amounts of alcohol intake lead to
Small amounts of alcohol lead to people feeling relaxed, cheerful and reduces inhibitions
what are inhibitions
Inhibitions = the things that allows a person to control themself from not doing something either due to societal norms, or etiquette
