B7 Non-Communicable Diseases Flashcards
Benign tumours
Growths of abnormal cells that are contained in one area, usually within a membrane, and do not invade other
tissues.
Cancer
The common name for a malignant tumour, formed as a result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth
and division.
Carcinogens
Agents that cause cancer or significantly increase the risk of developing cancer.
Causal mechanism
Something that explains how one factor influences another.
Correlation
An apparent link or relationship between two factors.
Ionising radiation
Has enough energy to cause ionisation in the materials it passes through, which in turn can make them biologically active and may result in mutation and cancer.
Malignant tumours
Invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood where they form secondary
tumours. They are also known as cancers.
Tumour
A mass of abnormally growing cells that forms when the cells do not respond to the normal mechanisms that control growth and when control of the cell cycle is lost.
What are the key chemicals in tobacco smoke?
There are around 7000 chemicals you inhale when you smoke. The main ones are: Tar, Nicotine, Carbon monoxide, Nitrogen oxides, Hydrogen cyanide and other ciliatoxic agents.
What are the effects of these chemicals on the body?
Smoking can cause lung disease by damaging your airways and the small air sacs (alveoli) found in your lungs. Lung diseases caused by smoking include COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). The airways become inflamed and mucus, which normally traps particles in the lungs, builds up.
What are the dangers of smoking during pregnancy?
If mothers smoke during pregnancy it could increase the risk of miscarriage, the off-spring could suffer from respiratory infections. There may be long-term physical growth and intellectual development, the birthweight of the baby is reduced and there is more likely of birth defects.
What is the relationship between diet, exercise and obsesity?
Obesity is caused by eating too much and moving too little. If you consume high amounts of energy from your diet but do not burn off the energy through exercise and physical activity, the surplus energy will be turned into fat.
How does exercise affect health?
Regular physical activity can improve your muscle strength and boost your endurance. Exercise delivers oxygen and nutrients to your tissues and helps your cardiovascular system work more efficiently. And when your heart and lung health improve, you have more energy to tackle daily chores.
What are the short-term effects of alcohol on the body?
There are many short term effects that alcohol has on the body. For example: slows reaction time, causes difficulty walking, can impair memory, causes slurred speech, causes changes in sleep patterns and mood, including increased anxiety and depression.
What are the long-term effects of alcohol on the brain and liver?
As well as this there are many short term effects that alcohol has on the body. For example: causes brain shrinkage, leads to memory problems, leads to psychiatric problems, may result in the patient requiring long-term care.
