B8.003 Female Reproductive Organs Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
function of ligaments in the female repro system
A
support organs in pelvis and provide a conduit for vessels and nerves
2
Q
all of the ligaments of the female repro system
A
- broad
- medometrium
- mesosalpinx
- mesovarium - ovarian
- suspensory ligaments of ovary
- round ligaments of uterus
- cardinal ligaments
- pubocervical ligaments
- uterosacral ligaments
3
Q
composition of broad ligament
A
double layer of peritoneum
4
Q
layout of croad ligament
A
extends from the sides of the uterus to the lateral walls and floor of the pelvis, where it becomes continuous with the parietal peritoneum
5
Q
sections of broad ligament
A
mesometrium
mesosalpinx
mesovarium
6
Q
mesometrium
A
below ovary to uterine body
7
Q
mesovarium
A
attaches ovary to broad ligament
8
Q
mesosalpinx
A
between ovary and fallopian tube
9
Q
uterovesical fold
A
anterior peritoneal fold which reflects from the junction of the uterine body and cervix onto the bladder
10
Q
uterovesical pouch
A
created from uterovesicular fold
anteriorly between bladder and uterus
11
Q
rectovaginal fold
A
posterior peritoneal fold which reflects from the posterior vaginal fornix onto the rectum
12
Q
rectouterine pouch
A
created from rectovaginal fold
between vagina and rectum
most inferior aspect of the peritoneal cavity, and therefore is the first location where free fluid accumulates
13
Q
ovarian ligament
A
within/part of the broad ligament
round, cord shaped thickening
attaches the ovary to the uterus
14
Q
suspensory ligament
A
within/part of the broad ligament
attaches the ovary to the pelvic wall
contains ovarian vessels and nerve
15
Q
round ligament
A
originates at uterine horn, passes through the broad ligament, enters the inguinal canal through the deep inguinal ring and ends in the connective tissue of the labium majus in the perineum
remnant of gubernaculum
16
Q
uterine horn
A
area where fallopian tubes enter uterus
17
Q
cardinal ligament
A
arise from the side of the cervix and the lateral fornix of the vagina
attaches on lateral pelvic wall
contains uterine artery and vein
provides primary support in maintaining uterine position and preventing prolapse
18
Q
significance of position of cardinal ligament in hysterectomy
A
have to be careful not to severe ureter; runs closely with uterine artery which is within the cardinal ligament
19
Q
pubocervical ligament
A
attaches cervix to posterior surface of pubic symphysis
20
Q
uteerosacral ligament
A
attaches cervix to sacrum
21
Q
clinical relevance of uterine ligaments
A
weak or damaged uterine ligaments and/or pelvic muscles can lead to prolapse
uterus falls through the vagina :(
22
Q
description of ovaries
A
paired, oval organs
thumb sized
23
Q
primary functions of ovaries
A
produce oocytes (female gametes) in preparation for fertilization produce steroids (estrogen and progesterone)
24
Q
3 histo sections of ovary
A
germinal epithelium
cortex
medulla
25
germinal epithelium of ovary
simple cuboidal epithelium covering the ovary
26
ovary cortex
outer portion
connective tissue stroma
contains maturing follicles, corpora lutea
27
ovary medulla
inner portion
connective tissue
neruovascular network
enters hilum from mesovarium
28
ovarian tumors
any cell type in the ovary can be the origin of an ovarian tumor
29
polycystic ovaries
hormone dysfunction and multiple (>10) ovarian cysts
| associated with infertility (excessive androgens and abnormal follicle development)
30
ovarian cyts
fluid filled masses
| can be physiological and regress on their own
31
location of fallopian tubes
paired, muscular J shaped tubes
upper border of the broad ligament
extend laterally from uterus
open into abdominal cavity, near the ovaries
32
primary function of fallopian tubes
assist in the transport of the ovum, transport of sperm to the egg, provide environment for fertilization, and then transport the egg/embryo to the uterus
33
external structure of fallopian tubes
```
10-14 cm long
less than 1 cm in external diameter
4 sections:
infundibulum
ampulla
isthmus
intramural
```
34
infundibulum
1-2 cm
funnel shaped, contains opening to peritoneal cavity and fimbria
fimbria extend over the ovary's surface during ovulation to guide free egg into the fallopian tube
35
ampulla
7-8 cm long
| crescent shaped around the ovary, fertilization usually occurs here
36
isthmus
3-6 cm long
| constriction at the transition to the uterus
37
intramural
enters the uterus
38
internal structure of fallopian tubes
1. adventitial layer on surface contains blood vessels and nerves
2. muscular wall: inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer
3. mucosa: folds of epithelium in the inner portion
on fimbriated end: less muscle, more mucosa
on isthmus end: signifcant musculature, less mucosal folding
39
fallopian tube epithelium
ciliated columnar and non-ciliated secretory epithelial cells
40
smooth muscle layers in fallopian tube
contract to assist with transportation of the ova and sperm
41
ciliated cells of fallopian tube
responsive to estrogen
| help propel the ovum/embryo toward the uterus
42
tubal ligation
surgical cutting of the uterine tubes for sterilization
| oocyte unable to pass into uterus
43
salpingitis
inflammation of tubes usually due to bacterial infection
can cause adhesions of the mucosa, may block lumen
may result in infertility or an ectopic pregnancy
44
ectopic pregnancy
medical emergency
| implanted blastocyst can cause rupture and hemorrhage of the affected tube
45
fallopian tube carcinoma
majority of high grade serous ovarian carcinoma is thought to arise from serous tubal intraepithelial carcinomas
46
torsion of tube
allowed due to wide mesosalpinx of the ampullary segment of the tube
can result in ischemic atrophy of ampullary segment
47
description of uterus
thick walled muscular organ
posterosuperior to bladder
anterior to rectum
connected distally to vagina and laterally to fallopian tubes
48
function of uterus
site for implantation and nourishment of the fetus
| play a role in labor and delivery
49
parts of the uterus
fundus
body
cervix
50
fundus
convex upper segment of the uterus
| above entry point of fallopian tubes
51
body of uterus
usual site for implantation of blastocyst
52
cervix
lower part of uterus linking it with the vagina
| structurally and functionally different to the rest of the uterus
53
tissue layers of fundus and body of uterus
```
perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium
-deep stratum basalis
-superficial stratum functionalis
```
54
perimetrium
double layered membrane
| continuous with abdominal peritoneum
55
myometrium
thick smooth muscle layer
| undergo hypertrophy and hyperplasia during pregnancy in preparation to expel the fetus at birth
56
endometrium
inner mucous membrane lining the uterus
- deep stratum basalis
- superficial stratum functionalis
57
deep stratum basalis
outer portion of endometrium
changes little throughout the menstrual cycle
not shed at menstruation
regenerates the functionalis
58
superficial stratum functionalis
```
inner portion of endometrium
overlying epithelium
invaginating glands
supportive, vascular stroma
sheds during menstruation and regenerates from cells in the basalis layer
```
59
endometrial phases of cycle
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proliferative
secretory
menstrual
postmenopausal
**changes in response to E2 and P4 to provide and optimal environment supporting implantation and fetal development**
```
60
endometrial carcioma
most common malignancy of female repro tract
found around menopause
abnormal uterine bleeding
61
fibroids
most common benign tumors in women
myometrium tumor
often asymptomatic, but if large enough the mass can cause symptoms including heavy bleeding, pelvic pain, and infertility
62
endometriosis
endometrial tissue at sites outside of the uterus, commonly ovaries and ligaments of uterus
ectopic tissue is still responsive to E2, thus cyclic proliferation and bleeding will occur
associated with dysmenorrhea and/or infertility
63
hysterectomy
surgical removal of uterus
| usually as a result of cervical or uterine cancer
64
cervix
lower portion of the uterus that connects the vagina with the main body of the uterus
distinct from uterus
65
function of cervix
control of movement into and out of uterus
- facilitates passage of sperm into the uterine cavity via dilation of the external and internal os
- maintains sterility of the upper female repro tract via frequent shedding of the endometrium, thick cervical mucous, and a narrow external os
- plays a role in delivery of fetus
66
regions of the cervix
cervical canal
external os
internal os
67
cervical canal
hollow orifice through the cervix that connects the uterine cavity to the hollow lumen of the vagina
68
external os
connecting cervical canal to the lumen of the vagina
small circular opening surrounded by external tissue of the cervix
rounded and convex
69
internal os
connecting the cervical canal to the uterine cavity
| small circular opening where the cervical canal narrows before opening into the uterus
70
endocervical canal epithelium
single layer of mucin secreting columnar epithelium
| deep cleft infoldings or "glands"
71
ectocervical epithelium
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
72
junction between 2 epithelial types in cervix
squamocolumnar junction and transformation zone
| site of origin of cervical cancer
73
2 types of cervical cancer
1. squamous cell carcinoma (ectocervical)
| 2. adenocarcinoma (glandular lining)
74
cause of cervical cancers
HPV infection of the female genitalia
| vaccinations exist
75
pap smear
lightly scrape cells from cervix to assess for dysplasia suggestive of precancerous changes
76
cervicitis
chronic inflammation and infection of the cervix
most commonly by chlamydia or neisseria gonorrheoae
usually asymptomatic
complications: pain, discharge, bleeding, PID, infertility
77
vagina
strong, hollow, fibromuscular canal approximately 7-9 cm long
extends from uterus to the vestibule of the external genitalia where it opens to the exterior
78
roles of vagina in the female
sexual intercourse
childbirth
menstruation
79
histo layers of vagina
inner to outer
1. stratified squamous
2. elastic lamina propria
3. fibromuscular layer
4. adventitia
80
vaginal stratified squamous epithelium
provides protection
lubricated by cervical mucus
low vaginal pH of 4.5 prevent infection by other organisms
81
vaginal elastic lamina propria
dense connective tissue layer which projects papillae into the overlying epithelium
82
fibromuscular layer of vagina
smooth muscle fibers indistinctly arranged in 3 layers: outer longitudinal layer, circumferential layer, poorly differentiated inner longitudinal layer
83
adventitia of vagina
fibrous layer
| provides additional strength to vagina while binding it to surrounding structures
84
vaginal neoplasms
squamous intraepithelial lesions: atypical premalignant squamous epithelial lesion of the vagina related to HPV
85
vaginal fistula
open communication between vagina and one of the adjacent pelvic organs
result of prolonged labor: fetus exerts pressure on vaginal wall limiting blood supply and results in necrosis
primarily occure between vagina and the bladder, urethra, and rectum
86
vaginal candidiasis
yeast infection
candida albicans (90%)
natural flora disrupted: abx therapy, douching
treated with antifungals
87
ovarian artery
branch from the aorta
carried in suspensory ligament
enters ovary at hilum
branches supply fallopian tube
88
uterine artery
branch from internal iliac, carried in cardinal ligament
supplies uterus, branches to supply ovary and fallopian tube
branches to supply vagina
89
uterine veins
drain to hypogastric
90
ovarian veins
R drains to IVC
| L drains to L renal vein
91
vaginal artery
branch from internal iliac
| supplies uterus, vagina
92
vaginal veins
drain to internal iliac vein
93
innervation of ovary/tubes
superior mesenteric and renal plexus
ovarian plexus
pelvic splanchnic nerves
94
innervation of uterus/vagina
superior hypogastric plexus
sensory impulses enter T11-L1
uterovaginal pelvic plexus
pelvic splanchnic nerves
95
innervation of inferior portion of vagina
```
SOMATIC
pudendal nerve (S2-4)
```
96
lymphatic drainage of the female repro organs
honestly nobody has ever made us learn lymphatics so lets hope that continues to ring true bc i dont want to do this one
