BAB 1

Question 1

What makes up the CNS? PNS?

Answer 1

CNS: brain and spinal cord

PNS: cranial nerves and spinal nerves

Question 2

What are 6 things about astrocytes:

Answer 2

a. metabolic support
b. structural- form separate metabolic domains
c. blood-brain barrier formation
d. transmitter uptake/release
e. modulation of synaptic transmission
f. modulation of axonal conduction

Question 3

What are the 4 important elements of the CNS that are not nerves?

Answer 3

a. astrocytes
b. oligodendrocytes
c. blood vessels (viability)
d. microglial cells (immune surveillance)

Question 4

What do oligodendrocytes do?

Answer 4

They myelinate the CNS. (Similar to Schwann cells in the PNS.)

Question 5

What do microglia do?

Answer 5

a. Lesions: proliferate, get bigger, phagocytose and release glutamate, aspartate and cytokines
b. Stimulated in nerve injury to produce neuropathicpain

Question 6

What are the 3 layers of the CNS, from superficial to deep?

Answer 6

a. dura
b. arachnoid
c. pia

Question 7

What makes up the gray matter?

Answer 7

nerve cell bodies, dendrites, synapses, axons and glial cells (mostly astros).

Question 8

What makes up the white matter?

Answer 8

axon tracts (un- and myelinated) and glial cells (mostly oligos and astros)

Question 9

What is the most important excitatory transmitter?

Answer 9

Glutatmate

Question 10

What are the primary excitatory and inhibitory transmitters in the CNS?

Answer 10

Excitatory: glutamate

Inhibitory: GABA

Question 11

The cortex works with what other part of the brain for sensory, and what part for motor?

Answer 11

sensory: thalamus
motor: basal ganglia

Question 12

What are the two main cell structures of the cortex?

Answer 12

a. pyramidal

b. non-pyramidal

Question 13

Are non-spiny cells primarily inhibitory or excitatory? What do they use as a transmitter?

Answer 13

a. Inhibitory

b. GABA

Question 14

What are two types of non-spiny cells? Do they run vertically or horizontally?

Answer 14

a. basket: horizontally

b. chandelier: vertically

Question 15

What are the 6 layers of the cortex?

Answer 15

a. Molecular: few cell bodies, tips of pyramidal dendrites
b. Small and Medium pyramid cells
c. Small and Medium pyramid cells
d. Granule Cell Later: small stellate (granule) cells
e. Large pyramidal cells
f. Spindle: modified pyramidal cells, some basal dendrites

Question 16

Where do the supragranular cells go?

Answer 16

other cortical areas, including opposite hemisphere

Question 17

Where do Granule layer cells go?

Answer 17

local

Question 18

Where do infragranular cells go?

Answer 18

Layer V: subcortical centers (may include spinal cord)

Layer VI: thalamus

Question 19

What are 5 important transmitters, the source and fxn?

Answer 19

a. Norepi, locus ceruleus, vigilance
b. Ach, basal forebrain/septal nuclei, sleep/wake and memory
c. Histamine, hypothalamus, behavioral arousal and correlation with ANS
d. Dopamine, midbrain (substantia nigra, ventral tegmentum), motor control and reward
e. Serotonin, midbrain (ventral tegmentum, raphe nuclei), sleep/wake and mood.

Question 20

What makes up the brainstem?

Answer 20

midbrain
pons
medulla

Question 21

What makes up the diencephalon? What are the functions?

Answer 21

a. Thalamus: relays sensory activity to cortex

b. Hypothalamus: regulates homeostatic functions such as eating, sleeping and hormones (TANHATS).