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Clin Anat I - Exam #2 > Back > Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify

A
  1. C7
  2. medial scapula border
  3. spine of the scap
  4. inferior angle of the scap
  5. upper trap
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2
Q

Identify

A
  1. costovertebral angle (CVA)
  2. T12
  3. lower trap
  4. lumbar paraspinal muscles
  5. iliac crest
  6. L4 (level)
  7. PSIS
  8. sacrum
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3
Q

What are the 4 regions of the vertebrae?

A
  1. cervical
  2. thoracic
  3. lumbar
  4. sacrum/coccyx
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4
Q

What is the function of the spine?

A

absorb shock

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5
Q

What are primary curves?

A

kyphotic

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6
Q

What are secondary curves?

A

lordotic

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7
Q

When/why do the secondary curves develop?

A
  • cervical - hold head/sit upright
  • lumbar - stand/walk
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8
Q

What are the motions of the spine?

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • lateral flexion
  • rotation
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9
Q

Which are the typical vertebrae?

A

C3-L5

(all but 1st two)

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10
Q

Identify

A
  1. body
  2. pedicle
  3. lamina
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11
Q

Identify

A

pedicles

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12
Q

Identify

A
  1. SP (spinous process)
  2. TP (transverse process
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13
Q

Identify

A
  1. SP
  2. TP
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14
Q

What is the function of the SP & TP?

A

attachment and lever for spinal muscles

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15
Q

Identify

A
  1. superior articular process
  2. inferior articular process
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16
Q

Identify

A
  1. superior vertebral notch
  2. inferior vertebral notch
  3. intervertebral foramen
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17
Q

Identify

A
  1. vertebral foramen
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18
Q

Vertebral ______ collectively form the vertebral ______.

A
  • foramina
  • canal
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19
Q

Identify

A
  1. C1 (atlas)
  2. C2 (axis)

Helpful Hint: Atlas, the Greek god, holds up the world therefor C1 articulates with the occiput and it rotates on an axis(C2)

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20
Q

Identify

and

What view is this?

A

C1

  1. anterior arch
  2. anterior tubercle
  3. posterior arch
  4. posterior tubercl
  5. superior facet for articulation for occipital condyles

Superior view

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21
Q

Identify

and

What view is this?

A

C1

  1. posterior arch
  2. posterior tubercle
  3. anterior arch
  4. anterior tubercle
  5. inferior facet articulation for C2

Inferior view

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22
Q

Identify

A
  1. transverse foramen
  2. TP
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23
Q

Which are the atypical vertebrae?

A
  • C1
  • C2
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24
Q

Identify

A

dens

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25
In _______ & ________ patients, the ______ of C2 is underdeveloped.
* RA * down syndrome * dens
26
Identify
1. body 2. vertebral foramen 3. TP 4. SP
27
Describe C3-C5 SP
bifid
28
Describe the body of a cervical vertebra
* small * wider laterally v. AP (rectangular)
29
Describe the vertebral foramen of a cervical vertebra
* triangular * large
30
What goes through the transverse foramen of the c-spine?
* vertebral a.
31
What type of vertebrae is this?
thoracic
32
What type of vertebrae is this?
cervical
33
What type of vertebrae is this?
lumbar
34
Describe the body of a thoracic vertebrae
* heart shaped with costal facets
35
Describe the body of a lumbar vertebrae
* kidney shaped
36
Describe the vertebral foramen of thoracic vertebra
* circular * small vs. cervical or lumbar
37
Describe the TP of thoracic vertebrae
* long * facets for rib articulations
38
Describe the SP of thoracic vertebrae
* long * extend inferiorly to the segment below
39
Describe the vertebral foramen of lumbar vertebrae
* triangular * larger than thoracic, smaller than cervical
40
Describe the SP of lumbar vertebrae
* sturdy * hatchet shape
41
Identify
1. accessory process 2. mammilary process
42
How is the sacrum created?
fusion of lower vertebrae
43
What is sacralization?
L5 fuses to sacrum
44
What is lumbarization?
S1 fuses to L5
45
Identify
1. apex 2. base
46
Identify | (ignore #3 - my bad!)
1. promontory 2. ala
47
Identify
1. median sacral crest 2. sacral cornu (horns) 3. sacral hiatus
48
Identify this space
sacral canal
49
Identify
coccyx
50
Identify the curves
1. kyphotic 2. lordotic
51
What is formed by the failure of the lamina of S5 to fuse?
sacral hiatus
52
What part of the individual vertebrae is the sacral cornu?
pedicles of S5
53
How many vertebrae make up the coccyx?
4
54
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
55
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
56
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
57
What is the most common pathology of the coccyx and what is the etiology?
* fracture s/p fall
58
What is the pathology depicted on the right?
lordosis
59
What is the pathology depicted on the right?
kyphosis | (common in geriatrics)
60
What is the pathology depicted on the right?
scoliosis
61
\*Describe scoliosis\*
lateral deviation with rotary component
62
How do you evaluate for scoliosis?
* stand behind the patient and ask them to touch their toes * presence of a rib hump indicates rotation * uneven curve that straightens with flexion = muscle imbalance, not scoli
63
What are the treatment options for scoliosis?
* observation * brace * surgery
64
Identify
facet joint
65
What makes up a facet joint?
synovial joint between superiof and inferior facets of articular process
66
Identify
facet joint
67
What is the function of an intervertebral (IV) disc?
shock absorption
68
Where is there no disc?
* between occiput & C1 * C1-C2
69
Identify
1. nucleus pulposus 2. annulus fibrosis
70
Identify
1. PLL 2. nucleus pulposus 3. annulus fibrosis 4. cartilage end plate 5. collagen lamellae of annulus fibrosis 6. ALL
71
Describe the direction of the fibers of the annulus fibrosus
crosswoven effect
72
Identify
1. annulus fibrosis 2. nucleus pulposus 3. SP
73
What specific types of joints are found only in the C-spine?
uncovertebral or Luschka
74
Identify
uncovertebral joints
75
Identify
atlanto-occipital joint
76
What joint is made up of C1 & C2?
atlanto-axial
77
Where does 50% of neck flexion/extension come from?
atlanto-occipital joint
78
Where does 50% of c-spein lateral rotation come from?
atlanto-axial joint
79
Identify
1. anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) 2. posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)
80
Identify
ligamentum flavum
81
What are the attachements for the ligamentum flavum?
lamina between consecutive vertebrae
82
Identify
1. interspinous ligament 2. supraspinous ligament
83
Describe the difference in attachments of interspinous ligament vs. supraspinous ligament
interspinous connects adjacent SPs while supraspinous connects all the SPs from C7-sacrum
84
\*Identify\*
anterior athlanto-occipital membrane
85
What is the anterior atlanto-occipital membrane a continuation of?
ALL
86
Identify
tectorial membrane
87
What is the tectorial membrane a continuation of?
PLL
88
Identify
1. posterior atlanto-occipital membrane 2. ligamentum flavum
89
Identify
nuchal ligament
90
What is the nuchal ligament a continuation of?
supraspinous ligament
91
What are the attachements for the nuchal ligament?
EOP - SP of C2-C7 and posterior tubercle of C1 EOP = external occipital protuberance
92
What is the function of the nuchal ligament?
septum between R and L posterior neck muscles
93
Identify
1. cruciate ligament 2. transverse band of cruciate ligament 3. inferior band of cruciate ligament 4. superior band of cruciate ligament
94
What is the function of the cruciate ligament?
stabilizes the dens against the anterior arch of C1
95
Identify
1. alar ligament 2. apical ligament
96
What is the function of the alar ligament?
limits excessive rotation
97
What are the groups in the organizational hierarchy of the back muscles (list superficial to deep)?
* superficial * intermediate * deep * superficial * intermediate * deep
98
Identify
1. trapezius 2. latissimus dorsi 3. rhomboid (cut) 4. levator scapulae
99
Identify
1. upper trap 2. middle trap 3. lower trap
100
trapezius - attachments
SP - spine of the scap
101
trapezius - innervation
CN 11 - accessory
102
upper trap - action
* scap elevation * scap upward rotation
103
middle trap - action
scap retration
104
lower trap - action
* scap depression * scap upward rotation
105
Identify
latissimus dorsi
106
latissimus dorsi - attachement
thoracodorsal ligament - humerus (floor of bicipital groove/intertubercular sulcus)
107
latissimus doris - innervation
thoracodorsal n.
108
latissimus dorsi - action
GH (shoulder) * extension * IR (internal rotation) * ADDuction
109
Identify
rhomboid | (minor is superior to major)
110
rhomboid - attachement
SP - medial border of scap
111
rhomboid innervation
dorsal scapular n.
112
rhomboid - action
* scap retraction * shrug shoulders
113
Identify
levator scapulae
114
levator scap - attachment
C1-C4 TP - superior angle of scap
115
levator scap - innervation
dorsal scapular n.
116
levator scap - scap action
* elevation * downward rotation
117
levator scap - neck action
* ipsilateral flexion * ipsilateral rotation
118
Identify
1. serratus posterior superior 2. serratus posterior inferior
119
Describe the location of serratus posterior superior
immediately DEEP to rhomboids
120
serratus posterior superior - action
elevate ribs
121
serratus posterior inferior - action
depress ribs
122
splenius capitis/cervicis - action
* ipsilateral neck flexion * ipsilateral rotation
123
Identify
splenius capitis/cervicis | (viewed from intermediate layer)
124
Identify
splenius capitis/cervicis | (viewed from superficial layer)
125
What muscles make up the group 'erector spinae'?
* iliocostalis * longissimus * spinalis Helpful Hint: **I** **L**ove **S**paghetti - lateral to medial
126
Identify
1. iliocostalis 2. longissimus 3. spinalis **I** **L**ove **S**phagetti
127
erector spinae - action
* back extension * eccentric control of back flexion
128
What are the muscles of the deep layer of the deep back muscles?
* semispinalis * multifidi * rotators Helpful Hint: **S**ome **M**ore **R**agu
129
What is the difference in attachements for semispinalis, multifidi, and rotators?
TP - SP at different intervals * semispinlis jumps 4-6 levels * multifidi jumps 2-4 levels * rotators attach to adjacent levels (i.e. 1 level)
130
What is the action of the deep layer of the deep back muscles?
contralateral rotation
131
Identify
1. semispinalis 2. multifidi 3. rotators
132
Identify
black - semispinalis green - splenius capitis/cervicis
133
Identify
1. rectus capitis posterior major 2. rectus capitis posterior minor 3. oblique capitis inferior 4. oblique capitis superior
134
rectus capitis posterior major - attachment
C2 SP - occiput
135
rectus capitis posterior minor - attachment
C1 posterior arch - occiput
136
oblique capitis inferior - attachment
C2 SP - C1 TP
137
oblique capitis superior - attachment
C1 TP - occiput
138
Identify
sub-occipital triangle
139
What are the borders of the sup-occipital triangle?
* rectus capitis posterior major * oblique capitis inferior * oblique capitis superior
140
What are the contents of the sub-occipital triangle?
* vertebral a. * sub-occipital n. (C1)
141
Identify
1. vertebral a. 2. sub-occipital n. (C1)
142
Identify
1. cervical enlargement 2. lumbar enlargment 3. conus medullaris 4. caudae equina
143
Where does the spinal cord end?
* thoracic/lumbar junction * conus medullaris
144
Identify
1. conus medullaris 2. cauda equina
145
Identify
dentate ligament
146
Identify
1. ventral n. root 2. anterior rami 3. dorsal n. root 4. posterior rami
147
Identify
1. dorsal n. root 2. ventral n. root 3. anterior rami 4. posterior rami 5. space for epidural injection
148
Identify
dura mater
149
Identify
filum terminale
150
Identify
epidural block
151
Identify layers
1. dura 2. arachnoid 3. pia
152
At which level is an LP performed?
L4
153
What is the lumbar cistern?
space where there is no spinal cord
154
Identify (purple)
lumbar cistern
155
What is this procedure?
LP (lumbar puncture)
156
What is this pathology?
spina bifida occulta
157
What is the pathology?
meningocele
158
What is this pathology?
spina bifida occulta
159
What is this pathology?
mylomeningocele
160
Describe spina bifida occulta
failure of vertebral arch to fuse bony defect
161
Describe meningocele
meninges protrude through bony defect of vertebral arch spinal cord does not protrude
162
Describe mylomeningocele
spinal cord and meninges protrude through defect of vertebral arch
163
Identify
1. anterior spinal a. 2. posterior spinal a.
164
What is the main difference between ant and post spinal arteries, besides ant and post location?
* anterior spinal is only 1 artery * posterior spinal is 2 arteries
165
Identify
anterior segmental medullary a.
166
Identify
posterior segmental medullary artery
167
Identify
1. anterior spinal a. 2. posterior radicular a. 3. anterior segmental medullary a. 4. anterior radicular a.
168
Identify
AP View * purple = SP * blue = pedicles * yellow = bodies
169
Identify
Lateral view * yellow = bodies * red = IV foramen * blue = SP
170
Why are L-spine oblique views important?
pars defect is seen
171
What is this pathology?
spondylolysis scotty dog sign
172
What is this pathology?
spodylolisthesis scotty dog sign
173
What is the difference in a spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis?
no displacement in spondylolysis
174
What makes up the vertebral/neural arch?
* pedicles and lamina

Clin Anat I - Exam #2 (3 decks)

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