Back Angiology And Neurology

Question 1

The superficial branch of the transverse cervical artery travels with what?

Answer 1

The spinal accessory nerve along the deep surface of the trapezius muscle

Question 2

If the deep branch of the transverse cervical artery is present, it replaces which artery?

Answer 2

Replaces the dorsal scapular artery traveling along the medial border of the scapula supplying the levator scapulae and rhomboid muscles

Question 3

What does the dorsal scapular artery supply?

Answer 3

Levator scapulae and rhomboid muscles

If it arises from the transverse cervical artery it is known as the deep branch of that artery

Question 4

What muscle does the thoracodorsal artery supply?

Answer 4

Latissimus dorsi

Question 5

Which arteries are known to be arterial sources for the production of paraspinal arteries?

Answer 5

Vertebral artery, ascending cervical, deep cervical, posterior intercostal, subcostal, lumbar, iliolumbar and lateral sacral arteries

Question 6

What is the significance of the paraspinal arteries?

Answer 6

Supply the vertebra, spinal cord and surrounding structures and feed directly into the anterior and posterior spinal arteries especially in regions of the cervical and lumbar enlargements of the spinal cord to assist the very small spinal arteries in supplying the spinal cord

Question 7

What are the four main branches of the paraspinal arteries?

Answer 7

Dorsal, equatorial, periosteal and spinal branches

Question 8

Which arteries are apart of the spinal branch of the paraspinal arteries?

Answer 8

Anterior and posterior vertebral canal, anterior and posterior radicular, anterior and posterior segmental medullary, and great anterior segmental medullary arteries

Question 9

Which three paraspinal arterial sources are from the descending aorta?

Answer 9

Posterior intercostal, subcostal and lumbar arteries

Question 10

Which two paraspinal arterial sources are from the internal iliac artery?

Answer 10

Iliolumbar and lateral sacral arteries

Question 11

Which paraspinal artery is from the costocervical trunk?

Answer 11

Deep cervical artery

Question 12

Which paraspinal artery is from the inferior thyroid artery?

Answer 12

Ascending cervical artery

Question 13

Which paraspinal artery is from the subclavian artery?

Answer 13

Vertebral artery

Question 14

What are the two main plexuses of spinal veins?

Answer 14

External and internal vertebral venous plexuses

Question 15

Which two arteries from the spinal branch of paraspinal arteries does not directly feed into the anterior/posterior spinal arteries?

Answer 15

Anterior and posterior radicular arteries

Question 16

Complete transection of the spinal cord results in what?

Answer 16

Loss of sensation and motor function below the lesion

Question 17

What is the result of a spinal injury at C1-3?

Answer 17

No function below the head, respirator necessary for life

Question 18

What is the result of a spinal cord injury at C4-5?

Answer 18

No function of limbs, respiration capable

Question 19

What is the result of a spinal injury at C6-8?

Answer 19

Loss of hand and variable upper limb function, may be able to propel a wheelchair

Question 20

What is the result of a spinal injury at T1-9?

Answer 20

Paralysis of both lower limbs

Question 21

What is the result of a spinal injury at T10-L1?

Answer 21

Some thigh muscle function, may allow walking with long leg braces

Question 22

What is the result of spinal injury at L2-3?

Answer 22

Most lower limb functions present, may be able to walk with short leg braces

Question 23

What are the three main layers of spinal meninges?

Answer 23

Dura, arachnoid and pia mater

Question 24

What are the components of dura mater?

Answer 24

Epidural space, dura-arachnoid interface, spinal dural sac, dural root sheath, filum terminale

Question 25

What components make up the spinal arachnoid mater?

Answer 25

Subarachnoid space (filled with CSF), arachnoid trabeculae, lumbar cistern

Question 26

What components make up the pia mater?

Answer 26

Denticulate L and filum terminale internunm

Question 27

Describe the dura mater

Answer 27

Outermost tough covering of the spinal cord and spinal roots

Question 28

Describe the arachnoid mater

Answer 28

Thin membranous intermediate layer, lines the spinal dural sac, held firmly to the dural sac by the pressure of CSF which circulates in the subarachnoid space

Question 29

Describe the pia mater

Answer 29

Thinnest and innermost covering of the spinal cord | Follows the entire surface of the spinal cord and lines the spinal roots

Question 30

Which nerves make up the posterior rami of cervical spinal nerves?

Answer 30

Suboccipital, great occipital, least occipital and C4-8 (cutaneous and muscular innervation) nerves

Question 31

What innervates the transversospinalis muscle?

Answer 31

Medial muscular branch of C4-8 spinal nerves of the cervical posterior rami

Question 32

What innervates zygopophyseal joints?

Answer 32

Articular branches of C4-8 nerves of the posterior rami of cervical spinal nerves

Question 33

What innervates erector spinae and splenius muscles?

Answer 33

Lateral muscular branch of C4-8 nerves of the cervical spinal nerve posterior rami

Question 34

Which nerves make up the posterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves?

Answer 34

Medial branch including muscular, articular and cutaneous branches Lateral branch including muscular and cutaneous branches

Question 35

What branches make up the posterior rami of lumbar spinal nerves?

Answer 35

Medial muscular, articular and cutaneous branch | Lateral muscular and cutaneous branches and superior cluneal nerve

Question 36

What makes up the posterior rami of sacral spinal nerves?

Answer 36

Medial branch | Lateral branch including the middle cluneal nerve

Question 37

What are the five categories of structures innervated by the recurrent meningeal nerve and posterior rami of spinal nerves?

Answer 37

Fibroskeletal structures (periostium and ligaments), and meninges innervated by recurrent meningeal nerves and synovial joints, intrinsic back muscles and spinal nerves and nerve roots innervated by posterior rami

Question 38

What are the most common types of back pain?

Answer 38

Muscular, joint and fibroskeletal pain

Question 39

What is muscular back pain?

Answer 39

Often the result of spasm in muscular tissue producing ischemia

Question 40

What is joint pain in the back?

Answer 40

Usually the result of osteoarthritis or disease arthritis

Question 41

What is fibroskeletal back pain?

Answer 41

Usually a result of fractures and dislocation of ligamentous structures

Question 42

The posterior rami of which spinal nerve innervates the suboccipital musculature?

Answer 42

Cervical spinal nerve (suboccipital nerve)

Question 43

What is the cauda equina of the spinal cord?

Answer 43

Bundle of anterior and posterior roots from the lumbosacral enlargement and medullary cone

Question 44

What is the terminal end of the spinal cord?

Answer 44

The medullary cone and it ends at L2

Question 45

What is the cervical enlargement?

Answer 45

Swelling of the spinal cord from C4-T1 | Segments of the SC that correspond with the brachial plexus and UE

Question 46

What is the lumbosacral enlargement?

Answer 46

Swelling of the spinal cord from T11-S1 | Segments of the SX that correspond with the lumbar and sacral plexuses and LE