Background and Surveillance + Chain of Infection Flashcards
(38 cards)
What are the five steps of background and surveillance?
Data collection
Data analysis
Data interpretation
Data dissemination
Link to action
CALID
What are the types of background and surveillance?
Passive, active, sentinel, and syndromic
What is sensitivity?
Sensitivity: true case detected by surveillance / total true cases
What is predictive value positive?
Predictive value positive: true case detected by surveillance / total positives detected by surveillance
What is the spectrum of disease?
Range of illness in an individual, from asymptomatic to fatal
What is the primary method of data collection in passive surveillance?
Data Collection: Passive surveillance collects data continuously as cases are diagnosed or identified by healthcare providers.
Who typically initiates reporting in passive surveillance?
Reporting in passive surveillance is generally not initiated by public health authorities but rather responds to the occurrence of cases.
How does passive surveillance utilize existing systems?
Passive surveillance relies on existing healthcare and laboratory reporting systems to identify and collect data on cases.
What is a potential limitation of passive surveillance in terms of reporting?
Delayed Reporting: Data may not be reported in real-time, leading to potential delays in identifying outbreaks or trends.
How does passive surveillance compare to active surveillance in terms of resource requirements?
Resource-Efficient: Passive surveillance is generally less resource-intensive than active surveillance because it doesn’t require dedicated personnel to actively seek out cases.
What kind of information might passive surveillance miss out on?
Limited Case Details: Passive surveillance may not always capture detailed clinical or epidemiological information on cases, as it depends on what healthcare providers and laboratories routinely collect and report.
What is proactive data collection in active surveillance?
Proactive data collection in active surveillance involves actively seeking out cases or data through methods like regular field visits, interviews, surveys, or laboratory testing.
How does active surveillance ensure consistency and accuracy in data collection?
Active surveillance often follows a structured data collection protocol, ensuring consistency and accuracy in the information gathered.
In what contexts is active surveillance typically used?
Active surveillance is typically used when monitoring specific diseases, conditions, or health-related events, such as infectious disease outbreaks, chronic diseases, or adverse drug reactions.
What is the advantage of real-time monitoring in active surveillance?
Real-time monitoring in active surveillance allows for quick data collection, which is crucial for identifying and responding to outbreaks or other public health emergencies promptly.
How does active surveillance contribute to public health responses?
Active surveillance establishes a feedback loop where the identification of cases or trends triggers public health responses, such as the implementation of control measures or further investigation.
What is the primary focus of sentinel surveillance?
Sentinel surveillance primarily focuses on collecting data from a smaller subset of sites, instead of every healthcare facility or source, making it resource-efficient.
Why is ongoing monitoring important in sentinel surveillance?
Ongoing monitoring in sentinel surveillance provides timely data on disease prevalence or incidence, enabling early outbreak detection and pattern changes.
How is representativeness achieved in sentinel surveillance?
Sentinel sites are selected based on demographic, geographic, or relevant criteria to ensure that the collected data reflects the characteristics of the larger population.
Give an example of diseases monitored through sentinel surveillance.
Sentinel surveillance is often used to monitor diseases like influenza, HIV/AIDS, and other infectious diseases of public health importance.
What happens to data collected from sentinel sites in sentinel surveillance?
Data from sentinel sites are reported to public health authorities, where it’s analyzed and used for appropriate public health actions.
What is one of the primary goals of sentinel surveillance?
One of the primary goals of sentinel surveillance is to serve as an early warning system for specific diseases, triggering extensive investigation and response when needed.
How does sentinel surveillance enhance resource efficiency?
Sentinel surveillance is more cost-effective than comprehensive systems, as it directs resources to specific sites or diseases of particular concern, optimizing resource allocation.
What are the data sources for syndromic surveillance?
Data sources for syndromic surveillance include healthcare facilities (e.g., emergency room visits, outpatient visits), laboratory reports, over-the-counter medication sales, school absenteeism records, and social media posts.
