BACTE INTROS Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
— treatment of disease by using
chemical substances
- It also refers to chemical treatment of noninfectious diseases, such as cancer.
A
Chemoterapy
2
Q
prepared from chemicals in the laboratory
A
synthetic durgs
3
Q
produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against microorganisms
A
antibiotics
4
Q
orderly classification and grouping of organisms into taxa [categories].
A
Taxonomy
5
Q
3 distinct of taxonomy are:
A
Classification
Nomenclature
Identification
6
Q
__________________
Organization of Mx
Classification system is ________.
A
Classification
hierarchic
7
Q
__________________
– The family name is capitalized and has a suffix “-______”.
A
Nomenclature
aceae
8
Q
Writing the Genus Name:
1. ______: 1st letter capitalized
→ followed by the ________: lower-case OR prior period if shortcuts
- Print: ________
- Script: ________
2. As a group: _____________
A
Genus
Species/Epithet
italicized
underlined
not capitalized, underlined
9
Q
similar genus.
— most basic taxonomic group and can be defined as a collection of bacterial strains that share many common physiologic and genetic features and as a group differ notably from other bacterial species.
A
species/epithet
10
Q
— next higher taxon and comprises diff species that have several important features in common but differ to maintain their status as individual species.
A
Genus/Genera
11
Q
similar species
A
Genus/Generas
12
Q
similar genera
A
Family
13
Q
similar families
A
order
14
Q
similar orders
A
class
15
Q
similar classes
A
division/phylum
16
Q
similar phylum/division
A
Kingdom
17
Q
cell type
A
Domain
18
Q
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE BACTERIAL CELL
— [unicellular/multicellular]
— [eukaryotic/ prokaryotic]
— [+/X] organelles
— All functions take place in the __________ or _____________
— ______________- protects bacterial cell from [X] bursting due to turgor + maintains cell shape.
A
unicellular
prokaryotic
[x] organelles
cytoplasm or cytoplasmic membrane
peptidoglycan cell wall
19
Q
Bacteria Composition
A
70% H2O
30% Carbs, lipid, proteins, enzymes
20
Q
Bacteria Size:
Width:
Length:
A
0.25 – 1um
1 – 3 um
21
Q
Cocci shapes [4]
A
spherical
oval
flattened on one side
elongated
22
Q
COCCI
__________ = pairs after division
__________ = divide + remain attached in chainlike patterns
__________ = divide in 2 planes + remain in 4 groups.
__________ = divide in 3 planes + remain attached in cube-like groups
___________ = divide in multiple planes and form grape-like clusters
A
diplococci
streptococci
tetrads
sarcinae
staphylococci
23
Q
BACILLUS
__________ = single rods
__________ = pairs after division
__________ = occur in chains
__________ = oval; look-like cocci
___________ = 1 or more twists; not straight
___________ = curved rods
___________ = helical shape [corscrew-like]; rigid; move by flagella
___________ = helical and flexible, move by axial filaments
A
Single bacilli
Diplobacilli
Streptobacilli
Coccobacilli
Spiral
Rods
Spirochetes
24
Q
Rods are helical shape [________-like]; rigid; move by _________
A
corkscrew
flagella
25
= rod-shaped
BACILLI [sing. bacillus]
26
star-shaped bacterium
Stella
27
rectangular-shaped
Haloarcula
28
Some cells also form this shape
Fusiform
29
Bacterial morphology is det. by __________
heredity
30
maintains a 1 shape
monomorphic
31
_____________can have many shapes [2]
pleomorphic
corynebacterium
rhizobium
32
“Pro” = _______
“karyon” = ________. [3]
before
nucleus, nut, kernel
33
[X] true nucleus surrounded by nuclear membrane, characteristic of LOWER FORMS
Prokaryotes
34
Type of cell that does not have organelles
Prokaryotes
35
ALL functions of Prokaryotes take place in the [2]
cytoplasm
cytoplasmic membrane
36
it has the outermost structure
cell envelope
37
Cell envelope is composed of
COPPP
Cell wall
Outer membrane
Plasma membrane
Periplasma [gram - only]
38
Cell wall is also called as [2]
Peptidoglycan
Murein layer
39
Cell wall composition:
Disaccharide-pentapeptide subunits
40
Peptidoglycan is made up of
teichoic acid
lipotechoic acid
41
Functions of Cell Wall
* [Action] bacterial cells rupture when the ← Inside osmotic pressure> outside the cell
* __________ anchorage point
* Synthesis + Structure → PRIMARY TARGET OF _____________.
Prevents
Flagella's
Antimicrobial agents
42
Gram + cell wall consists of: [2]
glycan chains of alternating:
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
N-acetyl-D-muramic acid
43
Gram + cell wall is consist of __________ that is [-] charged and contributes to the negativity of the cell wall + bind & regulate the ___________ into and out of the cell.
Teichoic acid
movement of cations
44
acts by preventing the synthesis of peptidoglycan.
Penicillin
45
Gram [-] cell wall is consists of? [Outer/ Inner/ both]
Both
46
Outer membrane of gram [-] cell wall is consists of: [3]
Proteins
Phosholipids
LPS
47
LPS composition of gram [-] cell wall
Lipid A
Core polysaccharide
Antigen O-specific polysaccharide
48
major constituent of gram [-] cell wall's LPS that is also [toxic/nontoxic]
Lipid A
toxic
49
LPS of Gram [-] cell wall
[What type of toxin]; vitals in evading the ___________
— [+/-] charge of bacterial surface → [action] the membrane structure
endotoxin
host defense
--
stabilizes
50
Type of cell wall that is gram [+] cell wal structure
Acid Fast Cell Wall
51
Acid fast cell wall is consists of [2]
waxy layer of:
glycolipids
fatty acids [mycolic acid]
52
bound to the cell wall exterior and has a strong hydrophobic structure
Acid Fast Cell Wall
53
Examples of bacteria that are acid-fast cell wall [2]
Mycobacteria
Nocardia
54
Certain prokaryotes have absence of cell wall because that contain ________ in their cell membrane
[2 examples]
sterols
mycoplasma
ureaplasma
55
cell wall of
Gram [+] :
Gram [-] :
Thick
Teichoic acids [- charged]
Thin inner
Outer membrane: proteins, lipids, LPS
56
Shape of
Gram [+] :
Gram [-] :
Spherical
Rod-shaped Filamentous
Spherical
Oval
Straight
Curved rods
Helical Filamentous
57
Metabolism of
Gram [+] :
Gram [-] :
Chemoorganoheterotrophic
Phototrophic
Chemolithoautotrophic
Chemoorganoheterotrophic
58
Teichoic Acid [+/]
Gram [+] :
Gram [-] :
[+]
[-]
59
Endospore [+/]
Gram [+] :
Gram [-] :
[+]
[-]
60
Periplasmic space [+/]
Gram [+] :
Gram [-] :
[-]
[+]
61
Flagellar structure of:
Gram [+] :
Gram [-] :
2 rings @basal body
4 rings @basal body
62
Inhibition by basic dye effect [High/Low]:
Gram [+] :
Gram [-] :
High
Low
63
Resistance to physical disruption: [High/Low]:
Gram [+] :
Gram [-] :
High
Low
64
Resistance to lyzozyme [High/Low]:
Gram [+] :
Gram [-] :
Low
High
65
Reproduction process:
Gram [+] :
Gram [-] :
BINARY FISSION BOTH
66
Deepest layer of the cell envelope and the internal matrix of the cell.
Plasma membrane
67
Plasma membrane consists ______________ that surrounds the cytoplasm
phospholipid bilayer
68
Plasma membrane functions [3]
Golgi complexes
Mitochondria
Lysosomes of eukaryotic cells
69
Plasma membrane acts as an _______ barrier
osmotic
70
Functions of the Plasma membrane [4]
Regulates the transport of solute across the membrane
Chemical energy generation
Site of respiration and biosynthesis
71
_____________
Site of protein biosynthesis and gives the ________ a granular structure.
Ribosome
cytoplasm
72
Ribosome is also called as ?
Non-membranous structure
73
— Consist of single, circular chromosome
genome
74
Appears diffused nucleoid or chromatin body that is attached to a mesosome or a sac-like structure
genome
75
_________________
–- ___chromosomal, [#] stranded element of DNA → could lead to ___________.
Plasmid
extra
2
virulence
76
Plasmid is located at __________ and it serves as a site for the gene to code
[2]
Cytoplasm
antibiotic resistance
toxin production
77
— Not essential for bacterial growth
plasmid
78
— it sometimes disappears during cell division] and make bacteria pathogenic.
plasmid
79
production of B-lactamases that provide resistance to B-lactam antibiotics like [2]
Large plasmid
penicillin
oxacillin
80
is resistant to tetracyclines and chloramphenicol.
Small plasmid
81
Antibiotic resistance of:
Large plasmid [2]
Small plasmid [2]
B-lactam antibiotics: penicillin, oxacillin
tetracycline, chlorampenicol
82
bacteria’s energy source/food reserve
inclusion bodies
83
Inclusion bodies is #__________ that lessens osmotic pressure
polysaccharide
84
Inclusion bodies examples [6]
GCP PCG
Glycogen
Cyanophysin granules
poly-B-hydroxybutyrate granules
Carboxysomes
Gas vacuoles
Polyphosphate granules
85
type of mx that has inclusion bodies w/ their specific inclusion bodies
Corynebacterium diphtheriae: babe-ernst granules
Yersinia pestis, Pasteurella, Bordetella: bipolar bodies
Myco. tuberculosis: Much's granules
Nocardia, Actinomyces: Sulfur granules
86
_________________
— small, dormant structures @ inside the bacterial cell: within _________ cells of some Gram-[+/-] bacteria.
Endospores/Asexual spores
vegetative
[+]
87
Aid in survival of bacteria against external conditions
Endospores
88
Asexual spores are composed of [2]
Dipicolinic acid
Calcium ions
89
Bacterias that are endospores [2]
Bacillus
Clostridium
90
SPORE TYPES ACCDG TO LOCATION
1. _________ spore - [bacteria]
2. _________ spore - [bacteria]
3. _________ spore - [bacteria]
Terminal spore: Clostridium tetani
Subterminal spore: Clostridium botulinum
Central spore: Bacillus anthracis
91
process of spore formation
Sporogenesis/Sporulation
92
is the end of spore’s dormant stage.
Germination
93
It is an outward complex of polysaccharides on the bacterial surface and other cells.
Glycocalyx
94
— Appears as capsule/ slime layer.
Glycocalyx
95
helps the bacteria to attach to the surface of solid objects or tissue.
Glycocalyx
96
which of which is made up of polymers?
Capsule or Slime layer
BOTH
97
Organized material that is firmly attached to the cell wall
Capsule
98
–- Protects the bacteria from the [X] attacks of human defense system. Resist phagocytosis and desiccation.
Glycocalyx: Capsule
99
[X] capsule → detect _______ prior to serological testing
[+] capsule → ___________
somatic Antigens
Mucoid colony
100
Unorganized material that is loosely attached to the cell wall
Glycocalyx: Slime layer
101
- It can either inhibit [X] phagocytosis OR adherence of the bacteria to the host tissue or synthetic implants.
Glycocalyx: Slime layer
102
It is an exterior protein filament (flagellin) that rotates and thus, causes bacteria to be motile.
Flagellum
103
- Important in the survivability and the pathogenic ability of bacteria
Flagellum
104
5 Arrangements of Flagellum
Atrichous
Monotrichous
Amphitrichous
Lophotrichous
Peritrichous
105
[x] flagellum
single flagellum on 1 end
single flagellum on both ends
Atrichous
Monotrichous
Amphitrichous
106
tuff/group on 1 end or
both ends
spread over the whole surface
Lophotrichous
Peritrichous
107
________________
hair-like, proteinaceous structures that extend from the cell membrane to the external environment [# um in length].
Pili/Fimbria
2um
108
- Aid in the attachment of bacteria to surface
Pili/Fimbria
109
2 bacteria examples of Pili
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Pseudomonas
110
Aids the virulence factor/organ of attachment
Common or Somatic pilus
111
Essential part of the genetic transfer/conjugation process.
Sex pilus
112
Determine if motile or non-motile:
Alcaligenes
motile
113
Determine if motile or non-motile:
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus subtilis
Bordetella
motile
non-motile
motile
non-motile
114
Determine if motile or non-motile:
Corynebacterium diptheria
Clostridium tetani
Campylobacter
Clostridium perfringens
non-motile
motile
motile
non-motile
115
Determine if motile or non-motile:
Erysipelothrix
Escherichia coli
non-motile
motile
116
Determine if motile or non-motile:
Klebsiella pneumonia
Listeria
Helicobacter
Haemophilus
non-motile
motile
motile
non-motile
117
Determine if motile or non-motile:
Neisseria
Pseudomonas
Staphylococci
Vibrio
non-motile
motile
non-motile
motile
118
bacteria with capsules [3]
Bacillus anthracis
Klebsiella pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae
119
bacteria with spores [2]
Bacillus
Clostridium
120
contain a true nucleus [+ chromosome bound by a nuclear membrane]
eukaryotes
121
cells of higher plants, animals, fungi, protozoa and other more morphologically complex and larger organisms than prokaryotes.
eukaryotes
122
membrane-bound organelles: [5]
Lysosomes
ER
Nucleus
Mitochondira
Golgi body
123
Size of the cell:
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
0.20-2 um
10-100 um
124
Cell wall:
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
[+]
[-] except fungi [chillin]
125
Nucleus:
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
absence of nuclear membrane/nucleoli
True nucleus with nuclear membrane/nucleoli
126
Genome location:
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
nucleoid/mesosome
nucleus
127
Chromosome:
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Single, singular, without histone
Multiplier linear, with histones
128
Membrane-bound organelles:
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
[-]
[+]
129
Ribosomes:
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
[+] smaller size 70s
[+] larger size 80s
130
Pili/FImbriae:
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
[+]
[-]
131
Flagella:
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
simple. 2-protein building blocks
complex [multiple microtubule]
132
Lysosomes & Peroxisomes:
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
[-]
[+]
133
Sterols and Gas vesicles:
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
1.
[-]
[+]
2.
[+]
[-]
134
Introns in genes :
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
[-]
[+]
135
Cytoskeleton/Cytoplasmic streaming:
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
[-]
[+]
136
Cell division:
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Asexual [binary fission]
Sexual and Asexual
137
Greek word: “archaics”, which means ______
ancient
138
ARCHEABACTERIA [ARCHEA] cellular structures [4]
CRPlaFla
Cell wall
Ribosomes
Plasma membrane
Flagella
139
type of bacteria that has [X] nucleus and membrane bound organelles
archeabascteria
140
[X] peptidoglycan, but they mostly contain a protein/ glycoprotein wall structure known as the “S- layer”
archeabascteria
141
Aerobes and Anaerobes of Archea
Classic aerobes
Facultative anaerobes
Obligate anaerobes
142
Archebacteria is Gram [-/+]
EITHER
