Bacteria

Question 1

3 Characteristics of Monera Kingdom

Answer 1

Prokaryotic
Unicellular
No membrane-enclosed nucleus or organelles 
Autotrophs or Heterotrophs
Reproduce Asexually

Question 2

3 Characteristics of Plant Kingdom

Answer 2

Eukaryotic
Autotroph
Cell wall
Multicellular
Reproduce Asexually or Sexually

Question 3

3 Characteristics of Animal Kingdom

Answer 3

Eukaryotic
Heterotroph
No Cell wall
Multicellular
Reproduce Sexually

Question 4

Prokaryotic

Answer 4

No membrane-enclosed nucleus or cell organelles

Question 5

Eukaryotic

Answer 5

Membrane-enclosed nucleus and cell organelles

Question 6

Autotroph

Answer 6

An organism that can make its own food

Question 7

Heterotroph

Answer 7

An organism that cannot make its own food and obtains food by eating plants and animals

Question 8

Pathogen

Answer 8

An organism that causes disease.

Question 9

Example of Autotroph

Answer 9

Plant

Question 10

Example of Heterotroph

Answer 10

Humans

Question 11

Unicellular

Answer 11

Single-Celled

Question 12

Structure of Bacterium

Always Present

Answer 12

Cell Wall
Storage Granule
Cell Membrane
Ribosome
Cytoplasm
DNA Chromosome

Question 13

Structure of Bacterium

Sometimes Present

Answer 13

Capsule
Flagellum
Plasmiel
Mesosome

Question 14

3 Types of Bacteria and example

Answer 14

Round - Pneumonia
Rods - E. Coli
Spirals - Syphilis

Question 15

Asexual Reproduction

Answer 15

1. DNA Replicates
2. Cell elongates, pushes nuclear material to each end
3. Cell membrane constricts along equator forming a cleavage furrow
4. Two identical daughter cells are formed

Question 16

Endospore and why it is needed

Answer 16

Protective coat around bacteria in unfavourable conditions (i.e. lack of water, heat, cold etc.)

Question 17

How does temp affect growth?

Answer 17

Most bacteria grows between 20-30. Some can tolerate much higher without enzymes becoming denatured. Low temps result in slower growth.

Question 18

How does PH affect growth?

Answer 18

If bacteria is put in unsuitable PH, enzymes will become destroyed.

Question 19

How does Temp affect growth?

Answer 19

Most bacteria grows between 20-30. Some can tolerate much higher without enzymes becoming denatured. Low temps result in slower growth.

Question 20

How does Oxygen affect growth?

Answer 20

Aerobic bacteria require O2

Anaerobic don’t require O2

Question 21

How does Pressure affect growth?

Answer 21

High pressure inhibits the growth of most bacteria

Question 22

Autotrophic - Photosynthetic

Answer 22

Uses light energy to make food

Question 23

Autotrophic - Chemosynthetic

Answer 23

Uses energy from chemical reactions to make food

Question 24

Heterotrophic - Parasites

Answer 24

Feed on living hosts and causes harm

Question 25

Heterotrophic - Saprophytes

Answer 25

Feed on dead organic matter - decomposers

Question 26

Heterotrophic - Saprophytes

Answer 26

Feed on dead organic matter - decomposers

Question 27

Beneficial Bacteria

Answer 27

Bacteria convert milk to produce yoghurt and cheese | Used in genetic engineering to produce insulin, drugs.

Question 28

Harmful Bacteria

Answer 28

Pathogens bacteria causes animal and plant diseases Salmonella bacteria causes food poisoning Causes food to decay

Question 29

Antibiotics

Answer 29

Chemicals produced by micro-organisms that stop the growth of, or kill, other micro-organisms

Question 30

Characteristics of Antibiotics

Answer 30

Used to treat bacterial and fungal infections | No effect on viruses

Question 31

Antibiotic Resistance

Answer 31

Develops due to gene mutation | Not affected by the antibiotic being used

Question 32

What happens due to the frequency of antibiotics?

Answer 32

The greater the use and frequency, the greater the number of resistant strains of bacteria

Question 33

What happens if you fail to complete the treatment of antibiotics?

Answer 33

Failure to complete treatment of antibiotics allows the bacteria to survive and grow, leading to high resistant strains

Question 34

Lag Phase

Answer 34

Bacteria adapting to environment and only starting to grow

Question 35

Log Phase

Answer 35

Rapid increase of Bacteria ( binary fission) | Ideal conditions for growth (nutrients, space, oxygen, heat)

Question 36

Stationary Phase

Answer 36

Number of bacteria remains constant | Rate of bacteria being produced = rate when they die

Question 37

Decline Phase

Answer 37

Death rate of bacteria increasing - Conditions unsuitable

Question 38

Survival Phase

Answer 38

Some will survive by producing endospores

Question 39

Bioreactor

Answer 39

A large vessel/container in which living cells are used to make a product

Question 40

Bioreactor- 2 methods

Answer 40

1. Batch Culture | 2. Continuous-flow culture

Question 41

Bioreactor Culture

Answer 41

``` Fixed amount of nutrients Micro-organisms go through log, lag, stationary phases Bioreactor cleaned, sterilized Less Economical Easier to control ```

Question 42

Continuous Culture

Answer 42

Nutrients added constantly to reactor Micro-organisms are maintained in log phases Process can continue for several weeks More economical Difficult to maintain constant conditions