Bacteria Flashcards

Question

Haemophilus ducreyi

Answer 1

"* Fastidious * Fac anaerobe * Choc agar only" **Transmission:** **Virulence Factors:** **Disease:** Chancroid: PAINFUL genital ulcer & tender suppurative inguinal lymphadenopathy **Diagnosis:** "* Microscopy/Ag detection are NOT sensitive nor specific & PCR is NOT FDA approved All of the following met: * 1+ painful ulcers * Darkfield & serology negative for syphilis * Negative HSV (ulcer exudate) * Clinical presentation of genital ulcer + adenopathy" **Treatment:** "* Azithromycin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin * Sex partners should be examined & treated if sexual contact w pt 10 days preceding onset of symptoms" | Gram Neg Coccobacilli

Answer 2

"* Aerobe * Non-motile * Catalase + * Oxidase neg * y-hemolytic" **Transmission:** "* Soil/water * ESKAPE pathogen" **Virulence Factors:** **Disease:** * VAP, UTIs, sepsis, meningitis **Diagnosis:** **Treatment:** | Gram Neg Zoonotic

Answer 3

"* Aerobe * Coccobacillus * Non-motile * VERY small * Difficult to culture" **Transmission:** "* Rabbits or tick bite from rabbit * Enters macrophages --> caseating granuloma" **Virulence Factors:** **Disease:** "Tularemia: form depends on portal of entry * Ulceroglandular - skin lesion & LN * Oculoglandular - eye & cervical LNs * Glandular - LNs * Typhoidal - fever, sepsis * Pneumonic - severe w sepsis * Oropharyngeal/GI disease (after ingestion, RARE)" **Diagnosis:** "* Serology * Culture (choc agar, but high risk of spread to lab personnel)" **Treatment:** "* Streptomycin * Gentamicin * Doxycycline or cipro for milder infections" | Gram Neg Zoonotic

Answer 4

"* Fac anaerobe * Coccobacillus * Non-motile * Oxidase + * Catalase +" **Transmission:** "* Sheep, goats, etc. (shed in milk, urine, feces) * Inhalation or ingestion of unpasteurized milk" **Virulence Factors:** **Disease:** "Brucellosis: * Enters LNs/bloodstream * Chronic granulomatous infection (can survive for long periods in liver, spleen, bone marrow, LNs) * Undulant fevers, enlarged LNs, hepatitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis (rare) * Chronic Infection: fatigue, intermittent fever/ symptoms" **Diagnosis:** "* Blood culture (bone marrow or LN) * Serology: IgM in acute, IgG/IgA in chronic" **Treatment:** * Doxycycline, streptomycin or TMP-SMX | Gram Neg Zoonotic

Answer 5

"* Aerobe * Coccoid * Non-motile * Ob Intracellular" **Transmission:** * Parrots & other birds **Virulence Factors:** **Disease:** "Psittacosis: * Atypical interstitial pneumonia * Aseptic meningitis & sepsis" **Diagnosis:** * Serology: CF testing of acute and convalescent sera **Treatment:** * Doxycycline or macrolide | Gram Neg Zoonotic

Answer 6

"* Aerobe * Coccobacillus * Non-motile * Oxidase neg" **Transmission:** "* Cats & fleas * OI: HIV < 200" **Virulence Factors:** **Disease:** "* Cat scratch disease: regional lymphadenopathy with dissemination possible to liver, spleen, CNS * Bacillary angiomatosis in immunocompromised; vascular proliferative nodules in skin, liver or spleen * Bacteremia & endocarditis * B. quintana: Transmitted by lice, no animal reservoir, trench fever & infection in HIV pts (bacillary angiomatosis, bacteremia, endocarditis) * B. bacciliformis: Andes/S America, transmitted via sandfly bite; causes fever, hemolytic anemia w cutaneous nodules that can persist for yrs" **Diagnosis:** "* Blood culture (endocarditis, may be + w BA) * Culture skin/LN (BA) * Serology (cat scratch)" **Treatment:** * Doxycycline or macrolide (endocarditis or BA) | Gram Neg Zoonotic

Answer 7

"* Ob intracellular * Microaerophilic * Coccobacillus * Small * Rickettsia" **Transmission:** "* Many animals (lots in placenta & urine) or ingestion of unpasteurized dairy * Persists in soil" **Virulence Factors:** **Disease:** "Q fever: * Acute: atypical pneumonia, fever, HA, hepatitis * Chronic: culture neg endocarditis, osteomyelitis" **Diagnosis:** "* PCR (early illness) * Serology (>1 wk): IgG" **Treatment:** "* Acute: tetracyclines * Chronic: Rifampin + Doxycycline or TMP-SMX" | Gram Neg Zoonotic

Answer 8

"* LF * Fac anaerobe * Motile * Oxidase neg" **Transmission:** "* Lower intestine (can infect newborn) * Fecal oral transmission" **Virulence Factors:** **Disease:** "* Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC): shiga-like toxin; bloody diarrhea; acute renal failure, anemia w hemolysis, thrombocytopenia (HUS) - O157:H7 most common (associated with beef) * Enterotoxigenic (ETEC): Heat stable/labile toxins increase fluid secretion into gut --> water diarrhea (""Traveler's diarrhea"") * Enteropathogenic (EPEC): Type III secretion system to inject effector proteins into epithelial cells; infantile diarrhea * Enteroaggregative (EAEC): Plasmid encoded toxin (Pet), heat stable toxin (EAST1), shigella enterotoxin 1 (ShET1); watery diarrhea (acute or persistent) * Enteroinvasive: Attach in lg intestine and invade mucosal cells causing diarrhea that may contain blood & mucus (7-10 days); self limiting * Uropathogenic (UPEC): a-toxin & hemolysin; UTIs Neonatal Infection: * Bacteremia and/or meningitis (K1 capsular antigen strain) * Risk factors: intrapartum infection, maternal Abx use, GA < 37 wk, low BW * Galactosemia, fetal hypoxia, GI/GU abnormalities, detects in skin/mucosal surfaces (myelomeningocele)" **Diagnosis:** * EHEC: Detection of toxin in stool culture **Treatment:** * No Abx | Gram Neg Rods

Answer 9

"* Fac anaerobe * Non-motile * LF * Oxidase neg * Catalase + * Capsule * Mucoid colonies" **Transmission:** "* Oral, skin, intestinal microbiome * Soil * ESKAPE pathogen" **Virulence Factors:** **Disease:** * UTIs, sepsis, surgical wound site infections **Diagnosis:** **Treatment:** | Gram Neg Rods

Answer 10

"* Intracellular * Difficult to culture * Donovan bodies" **Transmission:** * Endemic to tropical & developing areas **Virulence Factors:** **Disease:** "Granuloma Inguinale (Donovanosis): PAINLESS, slowly progressive ulcers on genitals or perineum without regional lymphadenopathy * Subcutaneous granulomas (pseudouboes) * Highly vascular lesions that bleed easily * Can present as hypertrophic, necrotic or sclerotic * Extragenital extension to pelvis, intra-abdominal organs, bones, mouth" **Diagnosis:** * Visualization of Donovan bodies on crush specimen or biopsy **Treatment:** * Azithromycin, doxcycline, cipro, erythro, TMP-SMX for at least 3 wk | Gram Neg Rods

Answer 11

"* Fac anaerobe * Motile * LF * Oxidase neg * Catalase +" **Transmission:** "* Intestinal micrbiome * Soil, water, sewage * ESKAPE pathogen" **Virulence Factors:** **Disease:** * eye/skin infections, meningitis, bacteremia, pneumonia, UTIs **Diagnosis:** **Treatment:** | Gram Neg Rods

Answer 12

"* Red pigment * Fac anaerobe * Motile * LF (slowly) * Oxidase neg * catalase +" **Transmission:** "* Opportunistic * Showers/toilets" **Virulence Factors:** **Disease:** * Bacteremia, UTIs, surgical wound infections, meningitis **Diagnosis:** **Treatment:** | Gram Neg Rods

Answer 13

"* Non LF * Aerobe * Motile * Capsule * Oxidase + * Catalase + * Blue-green color * Grape odor" **Transmission:** "* Environment * Skin flora * ESKAPE pathogen" **Virulence Factors:** **Disease:** "* Immunocompromised, severe burns, CF pts * Inflammation (lungs, kidney, skin, etc) & sepsis * Chronic infections present in biofilms (difficult to treat)" **Diagnosis:** * Stool culture **Treatment:** fluoroquinolones | Gram Neg Rods

Answer 14

"* Non LF * Fac anaerobe * Non-motile * Oxidase neg * No SH2 * Low infectious dose" **Transmission:** "* Fecal oral * Daycare outbreaks common" **Virulence Factors:** * Shiga toxin (A-B) **Disease:** "* Shigellosis: bloody diarrhea, fever & abdominal pain (S sonnei causes watery diarrhea) * Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome: thrombocytopenia, anemia, renal failure" **Diagnosis:** **Treatment:** | Gram Neg Rods

Answer 15

"* Non LF * Fac anaerobe * Non-motile * Oxidase neg * No SH2 * Low infectious dose" **Transmission:** "* Fecal oral * Daycare outbreaks common" **Virulence Factors:** * Shiga toxin (A-B) **Disease:** * Food poisoning: watery diarrhea **Diagnosis:** * Stool culture **Treatment:** | Gram Neg Rods

Answer 16

"* Aerobe * Non LF * Motile * catalase + * Oxidase - * Urease + * Safety pin shape * No SH2" **Transmission:** "* Pigs, undercooked meat * Contaminated water, milk, meat * More common in colder climates" **Virulence Factors:** **Disease:** "* Acute gastroenteritis * Yersinosis: fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea (16-48 hr after ingestion) - diarrhea more in younger & may be absent in older - Large mesenteric LN can develop - mimics appendicitis" **Diagnosis:** **Treatment:** | Gram Neg Rods

Answer 17

"* Fac anaerobe * Non-motile * Catalase + * Capsule * No SH2 * Safety pin/bipolar" **Transmission:** "* Rodents (reservoir) * Transmitted via fleas" **Virulence Factors:** * Type III secretion system **Disease:** "Plague * Septicemia: fever, hypotension * Bubonic: fever, swollen axillary/groin LNs, followed by generalized spread & multisystem illness * Pneumonia: severe bronchopneumonia * High mortality without tx" **Diagnosis:** * Stain of LN aspirate or sputum (Giemsa, gram) **Treatment:** "* Streptomycin * Doxycycline" * Vaccine exists | Gram Neg Rods

Answer 18

"* Fac anaerobe * Motile * Non LF * Oxidase neg * Produces SH2 * Encapsulated * Lot of serotypes" **Transmission:** "* Fecal oral * Undercooked meat, milk, eggs (dairy/poultry), pet reptiles (turtles) * Incubation period = 36-72 hr" **Virulence Factors:** **Disease:** "* Salmonellosis: Gastroenteritis with fever, N/V, bloody/inflammatory diarrhea * Invasive disease in immunocompromised: septicemia, osteomyelitis, mycotic aneurysms * Typhi serovar --> typhoid fever" **Diagnosis:** * Culture from stool **Treatment:** * Supportive | Gram Neg Rods

Answer 19

"* Fac anaerobe * Motile * Non LF * Oxidase neg * Produces SH2 * Encapsulated * Lot of serotypes" **Transmission:** "* Poor sanitation & contaminated water * Chronically carried in human gallbladder" **Virulence Factors:** **Disease:** "Typhoid Fever (5-21 d incubation) differs from typhus which is vector-borne (lice) * Week 1: Step-wise fever & relative bacteremia * Week 2: Bradycardia (unusual w fever), abdominal pain, rose spots (pea soup diarrhea?) * Week 3: hepatosplenomegaly, intestinal bleed/perf, sepsis" **Diagnosis:** * Blood, stool or bone marrow culture **Treatment:** "* Fluoroquinoones, cephalosporin or azithromycin * Susceptibility testing" **"PPx pre-travel:** * Live vaccine 1 wk prior (boost 5 yr) * Inactivated vaccine 2 wk prior (boost 2 yr)" | Gram Neg Rods/bacillus

Answer 20

"* Fac anaerobe * Motile * non LF * Oxidase neg * Urease + * Produces SH2 * Bulls eye/swarms" **Transmission:** "* Decomposing animals, sewage, manure soil * GI microbiome" **Virulence Factors:** **Disease:** "* Mirabalis: Second most common cause of UTIs * Vulgaris: Wound infections, pneuomnia, septicemia" **Diagnosis:** **Treatment:** | Gram Neg Rods

Answer 21

"* Fac anaerobe * Motile * Oxidase + * Catalase + * 3% NaCl" **Transmission:** "* Contaminated water * Thailand?" **Virulence Factors:** * Cholera toxin (A-B): constituitively activates cAMP --> increased Cl- loss **Disease:** "Cholera: LARGE volume of watery diarrhea --> * Dehydration, acidosis, hypotension (indicates severe vol loss), profound shock, weight loss * Greater volume loss than with ETEC" **Diagnosis:** * Culture **Treatment:** * Supportive tx (oral rehydration) *** Vaxchora: live oral vaccine for 18-64 yo traveling to high risk area** | Gram Neg Curved Rods

Answer 22

* 6% NaCl **Transmission:** "* Marine environments * Shellfish/oysters" **Virulence Factors:** * Cytolysin, hemolysin, MARTX toxin **Disease:** "* Acute gastroenteritis, necrotizing wound infections, invasive species (immunocompromised) * Systemic illness in those w liver disease or iron storage disorder; Fever, hypotension, bullous skin lesions" **Diagnosis:** **Treatment:** "* Surgery * Tetracycline" | Gram Neg Curved Rods

Answer 23

* 10% NaCl **Transmission:** "* Salt water * fecal oral * ingestion of undercooked/raw seafood/oysters" **Virulence Factors:** * Kanagawa hemolysin **Disease:** "* Watery or bloody diarrhea with vomiting & fever **Diagnosis:** **Treatment:** | Gram Neg Curved Rods

Answer 24

"* Microaerophile * Motile * catalase + * Oxidase + * urease +" **Transmission:** "* GI microbiome * infections common in low SEC" **Virulence Factors:** **Disease:** * Gastritis, peptic/gastric ulcers **Diagnosis:** **Treatment:** | Gram Neg Curved Rods

Answer 25

"* Microaerophile * Motile * catalase + * Oxidase + * Grows well at 42" **Transmission:** "* Chickens & cattle, unpasteurized milk * Household pets can become infected" **Virulence Factors:** **Disease:** "* Most common cause of gastroenteritis in the world * Linked to development of reactive arthritis & Guillian-Barre syndrome (autoimmune attack on nerves)" **Diagnosis:** **Treatment:** | Gram Neg Curved Rods

Answer 26

"* Microaerophile * No LPS * Motile * Survives w/o Fe * Spirochete" **Transmission:** "* Ixodes tick from white footed mouse (reservoir) * Tick must be attached for 48+ h * Nymphs/adults spread disease * NE/central US" **Virulence Factors:** **Disease:** "Lyme disease * 1 (early localized): erythema migrans (not painful or pruritic) * 2 (early disseminated): neurologic Bell's palsy, carditis * 3 (late): intermittent/persistent arthritis" **Diagnosis:** "* If no erythema migrans, serum lyme Ab * if positive, western blot" **Treatment:** "* Early: doxycycline (amoxicillin, cefuroxime) * Heart block/arthritis: IV ceftriaxone" | Gram neg spirochetes

Answer 27

"* Aerobe * Motile * 3 mo to grow * Spirochete" **Transmission:** "* Infects dogs, rates, mice * Transmitted via urine/wet environment" **Virulence Factors:** **Disease:** "* Leptospirosis: flu-like symptoms, hepatitis, jaundice, renal failure, aseptic meningitis, conjunctival or scleral hemorrhage (biphasic) * Weil's Disease: severe w hemorrhage, kidney & liver failure" **Diagnosis:** "* Bacteria can be isolated from blood, CSF, urine * PCR * Serology: agglutinating Ab" **Treatment:** * Penicillin or doxycycline if started early in course | Gram neg spirochetes

Answer 28

"* Microaerophile * No LPS * Motile * Cannot be cultured * Slow growth rate" **Transmission:** "* STI or congenital * Incubation period = 3-90 days (med 3 wk)" **Virulence Factors:** **Disease:** "* Primary: single chancre that heals within 3-6 wk (painful w secondary infection), reg lymphadenopathy * Secondary: (2-6 mo after primary infection or 2-10 wk after primary chancre) generalized lymphadenopathy, iritis, optic neuritis, uveitis, recurrent eruptions, maculopapular rash, condyloma lata * Latent: Positive Ab test, but no clinical symptoms - Early (< 1 yr): infectious, relapse can occur - Late (>1 yr): resistance to reinfection, but can pass on to fetus or via transfused blood * Tertiary/Late: inflammatory disease that can affect any organ 1-20 yr after initial infection; NOT infectious - CV: Aneurysm of ascending aorta - Gummatous: gummas form - Leutic periostitis: inflammation of periosteum * Early Neurosyphilis: first year after infection; HA, confusion, stiff neck, impaired vision, meningovascular * Late Neurosyphilis: Decades later; paresis (loss of voluntary movement), dementia, tabes dorsalis, incontinence" **Diagnosis:** "Direct Visualization * Darkfield microscopy * Immunofluorescent stain of lesions (not oral, naturally occuring bacteria can cause false pos) Serology * RPR (non-treponemal) * VDRL: Measures IgM/IgG against Ag complex; Ab titers correlate with disease activity (non-treponemal) * FTA-Abs/TP-PA: measures Ab against T pallidum Ag; used to verify non-trep tests; pts usually remain pos for life" **Treatment:** "* Penicillin (IV form to treat neurosyphilis) * Doxycycline (if allergic to penicillin) Tx of partner * Within 90 days of diagnosis: tx with penicillin even w neg result (same w late latent disease but high titer in partner) * > 90 days: no tx with neg result * Long term partners of those with late latent: evaluate serologically & clinically F/U * Titers should show 4 fold decrease in 6-12 mo" | Gram neg spirochetes

Answer 29

"* Aerobe * No peptidoglycan * Non-motile * Ob intracellular * Giemsa stain" **Transmission:** * Droplet transmission **Virulence Factors:** **Disease:** "* Atypical pneumonia * Sore throat, laryngitis, headache" **Diagnosis:** **Treatment:** | Gram indeterminant

Answer 30

"* Smallest * Intracellular * No cell wall * Related to GP * Fried egg on culture" **Transmission:** * Droplet transmission **Virulence Factors:** * CARDS toxin (CA resp distress syndrome) **Disease:** "* CARDS toxin causes inflammation & airway destruction * Atypical walking pneumonia * Sore throat, ear ache, headache" **Diagnosis:** **Treatment:** | Gram indeterminant

Answer 31

"* Aerobe * Coccobacillus * Motile * catalase + * Reduced LPS * Dieterle stain" **Transmission:** "* Freshwater * Amoeba (host) * Aerosol transmission (A/C)" **Virulence Factors:** **Disease:** * Legionnaire's Disease: severe form of atypical pneumonia with myalgia, headache, high fever, dry cough, chills, pleuritic chest pain, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion & delirium **Diagnosis:** **Treatment:** macrolides (azithromycin and clarithromycin) and fluoroquinolones (levofloxacin) | Gram indeterminant

Answer 32

"* Aerobe * No peptidoglycan * Non-motile * Ob intracellular * Giemsa stain" **Transmission:** **Virulence Factors:** **Disease:** "* Most common cause of infectious blindness (trachoma) & bacteria STI * GU symptoms: discharge, bleeding, itchiness, painful urination * Ocular symptoms: redness, swelling, eye discharge, conjunctivitis * Complications: PID, ectopic pregnancy, infertility Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV): L1, L2, L3 * Self-limited papule/ulcer * Inguinal or femoral lymphadenopathy (unilateral) * Rectal exposure can result in proctocolitis * Urethritis: discharge, dysuria, pruritus * Cervicitis: discharge, intermenstrual bleeding" **Diagnosis:** "* Genital/LN specimens can be cultured, direct immunofluorescence, NAAT * Serology" **Treatment:** "* LGV: Doxycycline * Urethritis: Azithromycin or doxycycline * Pregnant: Azithromycin only" | Gram indeterminant

Answer 33

"* Ob intracellular * Gram neg * little peptidoglycan (stains poorly) * Pleiomorphic * cannot be cultured in artificial media" **Transmission:** * Incubation period = 7-14d **Virulence Factors:** **Disease:** "* R rickettsii: RMSF * R akari: Rickettsialpox * R prowazekii: EPIdemic typhus * R typhus: lice (vector) ENdemic typhus * Orientia tsutsugamushi: Scrub typhus Main symptoms: fever, rash, HA" **Diagnosis:** * Ab detection **Treatment:** * Doxycycline * Typhoid Vaccine: inactivated injection OR oral live attenuated | Gram indeterminant

Answer 34

**Transmission:**"* Dermacentor tick or lone star tick (must be on person for 6+ hrs) * Most common in South/Central US * Most cases Apr-Oct * Incubation period = 2-14d" **Virulence Factors:** * OmpA: outer membrane protein that helps it adhere to endothelial cells causing leaky blood vessels & disease **Disease:** "Rocky Mtn Spotted Fever: * Prodrome: Fever, nausea, vomiting, HA, malaise, photophobia * Bacteria replicate in endothelial cells of vessels, disseminating in blood -> thrombosis & capillary leak -> edema & petechia * Rash with blanching macules/papules on wrists & ankles -> petechia (2-5 days post-exposure); spreads centrally (spares face) * Complications: renal failure, pulmonary failure, neuro manifestations, cardiac abnormalities, rapidly fatal" **Diagnosis:** "* Ab detection * PCR on skin biopsy" **Treatment:** * Doxycycline (do NOT wait for definitive diagnosis or rash bc can be rapidly fatal; not contraindicated for kids under emergent settings) | Gram indeterminant

Answer 35

**Transmission:**"* Rodents --> mites * Urban areas" **Virulence Factors:** **Disease:** "Rickettsialpox (biphasic) * Papule forms into eschar (1 wk) --> * Systemic spread causing high fever, severe HA, chills, sweats, myalgia, photophobia --> * Papulovesicular rash with vesicles & crust (2-3 d)" **Diagnosis:** **Treatment:** * Doxycycline | Gram indeterminant

Answer 36

**Transmission:** "* Ixodes deer tick * Infects granulocytes * NE/midwest" **Virulence Factors:** **Disease:** "Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA): Fever, myalgia, HA, malaise * Rash & CNS involvement are RARE * Transaminitis, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia (more severe)" **Diagnosis:** **Treatment:** * Doxycycline | Gram indeterminant

Answer 37

**Transmission:** "* Lone star tick * Infects monocytes * SE/mid-Atlantic/midwest" **Virulence Factors:** **Disease:** "Human Monocytic Ehrlichosis (HME): Fever, myalgia, occasional rash * CNS involvement more severe * Transaminitis, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia (less severe)" **Diagnosis:** **Treatment:** * Doxycycline | Gram indeterminant

Answer 38

"* Acid fast * Rod shaped * Non-motile * catalase +" **Transmission:** "* Inhalation or ingestion * OI: CD4 < 50" **Virulence Factors:** **Disease:** "* Lung infection similar to TB symptoms * Insidious onset of fever, weight loss, night sweats, diarrhea (several wks) * Disseminates into bone marrow (anemia, neutropenia, elevated alkaline phosphatase-high turnover of bone marrow) & LNs (lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly)" **Diagnosis:** "* Blood culture (takes up to 8 wk to grow) * Biopsy affected organ with culture & pathology" **Treatment:** * 2-3 drug combo including at least 1 macrolide (clarithromycin) | Acid Fast Bacteria

Answer 39

"* Acid fast * Rod shaped * Non-motile * Ob intracellular" **Transmission:** **Virulence Factors:** **Disease:** * Leprosy: chronic disease that damages peripheral nerves & targets skin, eyes, nose, muscles; skin sores, nerve damage, muscle weakness (can take up to 40 yrs to present w symptoms) **Diagnosis:** **Treatment:** | Acid Fast Bacteria

Answer 40

"* Acid fast **Transmission:** * OI: HIV pts at any CD4 count **Virulence Factors:** **Disease:** "Pulmonary TB: cavitary Miliary TB: hematogenous seeding of lung tissue - bone marrow/LN: pancytopenia - brain, bone, peritoneum, pericardium, etc." **Diagnosis:** **Treatment:** | Acid Fast Bacteria

Bacteria Flashcards

(64 cards)