Bacteria

Question 1

Unicellular

Answer 1

organisms that have one cell only

Question 2

Prokaryotes

Answer 2

Lack membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Question 3

Plasmid loops

Answer 3

Dna of bacteria

Question 4

Location of bacteria

Answer 4

Everywhere in biosphere

Question 5

2 heterotrophic nutrition

Answer 5

Saprophytic , bacteria of decay
Parasitic , streptococci (strep throat )

Question 6

2 autotrophic nutrition

Answer 6

Photosynthetic , cyarobacteria
Chemosynthetic , nitrifying bacteria

Question 7

Parts of monera cell

Answer 7

Genetic material ( dna cele replication )
Cytosol
Ribosome
Cell membrane
Slime capsule
Cell wall plasmids ( antibiotic resistance )
Flagellum

Question 8

Beneficial bacteria

Answer 8

Make vitamins in the human gut
Make insulin and antibiotics

Question 9

Harmful bacteria

Answer 9

Strep throat
Tooth decay

Question 10

Precautions

Answer 10

Wipe surface with disinfectant wipe
Wear gloves

Question 11

Asepsis

Answer 11

Free of pathogens

Question 12

Sterility

Answer 12

Free of all microorganisms

Question 13

Reproduction

Answer 13

Binary fission

Question 14

Reproduction (procedure)

Answer 14

1. Dna replicates
2. Dna is connected to cell membrane
3. Cell elongates , Dna move to opposite side
4. When it’s doubles in size , divides, splits down middle and forms two equal sized identical cells

Question 15

Antibiotics

Answer 15

Chemicals produced by microorganisms that stop the growth of, or kill other bacteria

Question 16

How do bacteria become antibiotic resistant

Answer 16

One mutates and becomes antibiotic resistant
All other bacteria are killed by antibiotics except antibiotic resistant bacteria , create cell wall to resist and reproduce new populations of (arb)
(Arb) can transfer mutation to other bacteria

Question 17

Overuse of antibiotics

Answer 17

Increases growth resistant bacteria

Question 18

Factors affecting growth of bacteria

Answer 18

Temperature ; optimum is 20-30 degrees , some prefer 0-90
Oxygen concentration; aerobic , anaerobic, facultative anaerobes ,
ph , external solute concentration,
pressure

Question 19

Survival in harsh and unfavourable conditions

Answer 19

Produce spores (From endospores )

Question 20

Endospores

Answer 20

A dormant , tough , non - reproductive structure produced by bacteria

Question 21

Endospore formation

Answer 21

Dna replicates moves to end of cell
Contents shrink due to loss of water
Forms a thick resistant wall formed in original cell producing endospore
Parent cell breaks down endospore remains dormant
Spores resist high temp
When conditions are favourable spores take in water and expand breaking their tough resistant wall
New bacterium divides by binary fission

Question 22

Lag phase

Answer 22

Bacteria adapting to environment , getting prepared to reproduce

Question 23

Log phase

Answer 23

Bacteria reproduce rapidly as there is ideal conditions
(Food , o2, space )

Question 24

Stationary phase

Answer 24

Competition occurs due to shortage of food and o2 and is limited

Question 25

Death phase

Answer 25

Numbers fall rapidly when death rate is more than rate of production

Question 26

Survival

Answer 26

Small amount survive as dormant endospores Dormant until ideal conditions

Question 27

Batch culture processing

Answer 27

Fixed amount of sterile nutrient added to bioreactor Undergoes all 5 stages of growth curve Correct constant temperature Nutrients consumed product formed Bioreactor emptied re-sterilised and repeats process

Question 28

Advantages of batch culture

Answer 28

If one batch is contaminated only one is destroyed Bioreactor can be used for various processes

Question 29

Continuos flow culture

Answer 29

Volume is constant Microorganisms maintained at log phase Nutrient continuously added to bioreactor Culture medium with product is constantly taken away Conditions are kept constant

Question 30

Advantages ( Continuous flow)

Answer 30

Product forms quicker no regular hutting down process Less lag phases than in batch