Bacteria

Question 1

Gram Stain Limitations

Answer 1

These Microbes May Lack Real Color
Treponema (to thin to see)
Mycobacteria (high lipid content)
Mycoplasma (no cell wall)
Legionella (need silver stain)
Rickettsia (intracellular parasite)
Chlamydia (no peptidoglycan bc low muramic acid)

Question 2

Bacteria w/ capsule

Answer 2

Even Some Pretty Nasty Killers Have Shiny Bodies
E Coli (some strains)
Strep pneumoniae
Pseudomonas
Neisseria 
Kleibsiella
Haemophilus B
Salmonella
B (group B strep, aka Strep agalacticae)

ADD CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS

Question 3

Gram + only

Answer 3

Teichoic (lipteichoic acid)

Induces TNF alpha + IL-1

Question 4

Gram - only

Answer 4

1. Outer membrane (contains LPS, made of Lipid A and polysaccharides - and O antigen). Lipid A induces TNF alpha and IL-1.
2. Periplasmic space (hydrolytic enzymes i.e. beta-lactamase)
3. ENDOTOXINS (in most gram negative’s outer cell membrane)

Question 5

Periodic Acid Shift Stain (PAS)

• what does it stain
• what bug

Answer 5

PAS stains glycogen + mucopolysaccharides

-used for Tropheryma whipplei (used to dx Whipple’s Disease)

Question 6

Silver Stain (3)

Answer 6

1. Legionella
2. H pylori
3. FUNGI i.e. pneumocystis

Question 7

Geimsa Stain (6)

Answer 7

Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience, Hate!

1. Chlamydia
2. Borriella (spirochete)
3. Rickettsia
4. Trypanosomes
5. Plasmodium
6. Histoplasmosis

Question 8

Zheel-Neelsen (carbol fuchsin stain) - 2

Answer 8

1. Acid fast bacteria (mycobacteria + nocardia)

2. protozoa (i.e. cryptosporidium oocysts)

Question 9

Do NOT gram stain (no cell wall)

Answer 9

1. Mycoplasma

2. Ureaplasma

Question 10

2 ways to stain for cryptococcus

Answer 10

1. india Ink

2. mucicarmine (stains think polysaccharide capsule red)

Question 11

H influenza culture

Answer 11

1. Chocolate agar

2. requires factor V (NAD+) and factor X (hematin)

Question 12

Neisseria culture

Answer 12

1. thayer-martin
   - Vancomycin: inhibit gram +’s
   - Trimethoprim and Colistin: inhibit all other gram -‘s
   - Nystatin: inhibit fungi

Question 13

B pertussis culture (agar and medium)

Answer 13

1. Bordet-Gengou agar (has potatoe)

2. Regan-Lowe medium (charcoal, blood and abx)

Question 14

Mycobacterium tuberculosis media

Answer 14

Lowenstein-Jensen agar

Question 15

Mycoplasma pneumonie agar

Answer 15

Eaton agar

-requires cholesterol

Question 16

what is MacConkey agar used for?

Answer 16

lactose fermenters turn pink

Question 17

E coli agar (name and what happens)

Answer 17

EMB agar (eosin-methylene blue)
-colonies with green metalic sheen

Question 18

Legionella requirements

Answer 18

Charcoal yeast extract with cysteine and iron

Question 19

Fungi agar

Answer 19

Sabroud’s agar

“Sab’s a Fun Guy”

Question 20

Obligate intracellular (3)

Answer 20

1. Chlamydia
2. Rickettsia
3. Coxiella

Question 21

Urease Producers (8)

Answer 21

CHuck Norris hates PUNKSS
Cryptococcus
H pylori
Proteus
Ureaplasma
Nocardia
Klebsiella
Staph epidermidis
Staph saprophyticus

Question 22

Catalase positives

Answer 22

CATs Need PLACESS to hide
Nocardia
Pseudomonas
Listeria
Aspergillis
Candida
E coli
Staphylococcus
Serratia