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bacteria Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

what host factors are risk factors for gastrointestinal infections?

A 
Age (very young & elderly)
↓ gastric acid secretion
↓ gut motility
Influence of colonic microflora
Intestinal immunity
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2
Q

what are the common bacteria seen in the UK? 5

A
  • campylobacter coli/jejuni
  • salmonella enterica
  • E.Coli 0157
  • shigella sonnei
  • Staph aureus/ clostridium perfringens/ bacillus cereus
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3
Q

what are the common viruses seen in the UK? 2

A
  • norovirus

- rotavirus

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4
Q

rota virus is seen in _____ ____

A

small children

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5
Q

what are the bacteria that are usually imported from abroad? 4

A
  • vibrio cholerae/ parahaemolyticus
  • salmonella typhi/ paratyphi
  • aeromonas
  • shigella dysenteriae/ flexneri/boydii
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6
Q

name 2 parasites found in the UK?

A

cryptosporidum sp and giardia lamblia

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7
Q

what does campylobacter look like?

A

a curved gram negative bacillus - seagull

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8
Q

______ is the commonest cause of bacterial GI infection in the UK – >6,500 cases per year in Scotland

A

campylobacter

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9
Q

what is the incubation period for campylobacter?

A

3-10 days

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10
Q

campylobacter leads to inflammation of the ___ and ___

A

colon and rectum

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11
Q

camplylobacter can become systemic, true/false?

A

true

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12
Q

what is the source/vehicle for campylobacter?

A

Farm animals, esp. undercooked poultry, water & unpasteurised milk

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13
Q

what are the symptoms of campylobacter?

A

Abdominal pain, diarrhoea +/- blood

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14
Q

the treatment for campylobacter is ___ ___ however, if it becomes systemic give ___ or ____ for 5 days

A

self limiting

erythromycin, ciprofloxacin

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15
Q

person to person spread of campylobacter , true/false?

A

false

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16
Q

non typhoidal salmonella is called ____

A

enterica

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17
Q

what is the incubation period for salmonella enterica?

A

12-48 hours

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18
Q

salmonella enterica causes inflammation of the ____ and ____. They multiply in the gut and cause ___ ___ , decreased ___ ___ and increased ___

A

ileum and colon, multiply in gut and cause mucosal damage, ↓fluid absorption and ↑fluid excretion

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19
Q

salmonella can become systemic, true/false?

A

true

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20
Q

what is the source/vehicle for salmonella ?

A

Farm animals, esp. undercooked poultry. Much less common since immunisation of poultry against Salmonella spp.

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21
Q

what are the symptoms of salmonella?

A

Abdominal pain, diarrhoea, occasionally bloody, vomiting

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22
Q

salmonella is ____ ___ ___ , -___ for 5 days if patient at risk of or develops systemic illness (fever, rigors, flu-like symptoms etc)

A

Usually self-limiting, ciprofloxacin for 5 days if patient at risk of or develops systemic illness (fever, rigors, flu-like symptoms etc)

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23
Q

Shigella sonnei, the most )_____ species of Shigella, is the only species seen in UK. ____ occur every few years amongst cohorts of vulnerable ____

A

Shigella sonnei, the most benign species of Shigella, is the only species seen in UK. Outbreaks occur every few years amongst cohorts of vulnerable children

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24
Q

what is the incubation period for shigella sonnei?

25
shigella sonnei invades ___ ___ causing severe inflammation, but does not invade further (never seen in ___ ____ ). ___ cells and ____ seen in stools
Invades intestinal mucosa causing severe inflammation, but does not invade further (never seen in blood cultures). Pus cells and blood seen in stools
26
what is the source/vehicle for shigella sonnei ?
Human only infection. Often spread person-person esp. amongst young children in schools, nurseries or via fomites (towels, toilet door handles etc)
27
what are the symptoms of shigella sonnei?
Abdominal pain, diarrhoea, occasionally bloody
28
what is the management for shigella?
symptomatic treatment only
29
Other species of Shigella (dysenteriae, flexneri, boydii), acquired ___ from food or water contaminated with human ____ cause more ____ infection (bacillary dysentery) that usually requires treatment with _____
Other species of Shigella (dysenteriae, flexneri, boydii), acquired abroad from food or water contaminated with human sewage cause more severe infection (bacillary dysentery) that usually requires treatment with ciprofloxacin
30
what does the O in e.coli 0157 refer to ?
the “O” (somatic) antigen on the surface of the organism i.e. it is a specific serotype of the usually benign E. coli. “H” is the flagellar antigen
31
the ____:___ strain of e.coli produces verotoxin
The O157:H7 strain
32
what does the verotoxin do?
- Binds to receptors found on renal cells, RBC & others - Inhibit protein synthesis - Causes cell death
33
who is most at risk at getting HUS?
children under 5 and the elderly
34
____ is the commonest cause of renal failure in children
e.coli O157
35
what is the source/vehicle for e.coli?
- Source - Carried as part of the normal gut flora in cattle. - Beef becomes contaminated on the outside at slaughter – so ↑risk from minced meat & hamburgers than from a steak. - Nursery/school visits to farms - Private (untreated) water supplies – run off water from fields - Low infecting dose, so person-person spread causes 2y cases
36
what are the symptoms of e.coli ?
Abdominal pain, bloody diarrhoea is common
37
what is the management for what is the management for e.coli? 3
- Symptomatic and supportive treatment only - Antibiotics contraindicated as may ↑ release of toxin - Check bloods for HUS 1 week after onset of symptoms
38
what does the O157 strain do?
produces a verotoxin that damages red cells and the kidney, causing haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (HUS)
39
what is HUS? 3
↑blood urea, red cell haemolysis & thrombocytopenia
40
what is the clinical presentation of HUS?
- Abdo pain, fever, pallor, petechiae (haemorrhages in skin), oliguria (↓urine production) - bloody diarrhoea
41
Peak presentation of HUS is __-___ days after onset of diarrhoea
7-10
42
what would be found of blood tests?5 for HUS
- High white cells - Low platelets - Low HB - Red cell fragments - Lactate dehydrogenase ↑>1.5 x normal
43
salmonella, shigella and e.coli O157 appears as ___ ___ ___
gram negative bacilli
44
what? causes typhoid/paratyphoid fever
salmonella typhi/ salmonella paratyphi A and B
45
____/____ ___ These are febrile illnesses initially (bacteria circulating in bloodstream) causing headache, flu-like symptoms followed by diarrhoea 3 weeks later
Typhoid/paratyphoid fever
46
what is the intubation period for Typhoid/paratyphoid fever
14-21 days
47
Organism invades from ___ ____ →_____ system→ bloodstream→______system & gall bladder→gut lumen and invades Peyer’s patches.
Organism invades from gut lumen→lymphatic system→ bloodstream→reticuloendothelial system & gall bladder→gut lumen and invades Peyer’s patches.
48
what is the source/ vehicle of infection for salmonella typhi/ paratyphi ?
Human only infection. Spread person-person or from drinking contaminated water/eating contaminated food/poor sanitation
49
what are the symptoms of salmonella typhi/paratyphi?
- Fever, rash on abdomen (“Rose spots”) and diarrhoea
50
what is the management of salmonella typhi/paratyphi?
Antibiotics are required, choice depends on sensitivities. Resistance to ciprofloxacin becoming common in developing countries
51
what organism causes cholera?
vibrio cholerae - a small curved gram negative bacillus
52
where are outbreaks of cholera common?
Outbreaks common in “disaster” or war situations
53
what is the intubation period for cholera?
1-9 days
54
in cholera Organism produces an _____ that causes active outpouring of __ from cells of small intestine, resulting in severe ___ diarrhoea
Organism produces an exotoxin that causes active outpouring of fluid from cells of small intestine, resulting in severe watery diarrhoea
55
cholera is the exception to the rule that ____ are produces by gram positive
exception to the rule that exotoxins are produces by gram positiv
56
what is the source/ vehicle of infection for cholera?
Human only infection. Spread person-person or from drinking contaminated water/poor sanitation
57
what are the symptoms of salmonella cholera?
Watery diarrhoea – “rice water stools” causing rapid dehydration
58
what is the management of cholera? 2
- Fluid and electrolyte replacement is essential | - Antibiotics NOT indicated

GI: Gastroenteritis (10 decks)

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