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Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Stapphylococcaceae - catalase

A

Produce catalase

Catalase +

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2
Q

Genus Staphylococcus

A

Pathogen of animals and man

Commensals

  • Transient contaminants
  • Skin and mucous membranes
  • Short-term residents
  • Long-term colonizers

Predisposing factors
- Parasitic opportunism

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3
Q

Significant Staphylococcus in animal health

A

S. aureus –> Wound infections in animals

  • Pneumonia
  • Osteomyelitis
  • Mastitis

S. intermedius –> carnivores

S. epidermidis –> Skin commensal, occasional opportunistic parasite

S. hyicus –> Epidermitis in pigs, greasy pig disease

S. schleiferi –> Otitis externa in dogs

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4
Q

Features of Staphylococcus

A

Gram + cocci

Clusters
- “staphyle” –> bunch of grapes

Facultative anaerobes

Catalase +

Fermentative

Mannitol salt agar

  • Selective media
  • High NaCl levels
  • Fermentation of mannitol

Resistant to lysozyme

Plasmids
- Antimicrobial susceptibility

Bacteriophage

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5
Q

Staphylococcus classification

A

Coagulase positive:

  • S. aureus
  • S. intermedius
  • S. hyicus (mostly)

Coagulase negative:

  • S. epidermidis
  • S. hyicus

Coagulase production –> virulence

Coagulase test:
Slide - bacteria bound coagulase - clumping factor

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6
Q

Staphylococcus parasitic properties: Adhesins

A

MSCRAMMs - Microbial Surface Components Recognising Adhesion Matrix

Main adhesins: 
- Fibronectin 
Collagen 
Elastin 
Coagulase
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7
Q

Staphylococcus parasitic properties: Capsule

A

Capsule

  • Antiphagocytic
  • 12 immunotypes
  • Type 1 Virulence ??
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8
Q

Staphylococcus parasitic properties: Cell wall constituents

A

Teichoic acid and peptidoglycan containing impedin

Protein A – binds Fc fragment of Ig – Antiphagocytic

  • Limits opsonisation
  • S.aureus and some S. hyicus
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9
Q

Staphylococcus parasitic properties (brief)

A

Adhesins

Capsule

Cell wall constituents

Tolerate high salt and fatty acids

Staphyloferrin B

  • Siderophore
  • Growth under iron restrictive conditions

Bioactive proteins

Exoenzymes
- Staphylocoagulase, hyaluronidase, staphylokinase

Exotoxins
- alpha toxins - destruction of phagocytes - suppuration (pus)

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10
Q

Staphylococcus - Host factors

A

Entry via:

  • Hair follicles
  • Skin glands
  • Wounds
  • Compromised skin!!

Endogenous or exogenous

Hypersensitivity

Phagocytosis is the hosts main defence
- Immune suppression predisposes to disease

Pus results from invasion of compromised epithelium or mucous membranes

Systemic disease if enters blood stream

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11
Q

Staphylococcus - Environmental factors

A

Shedding of epithelium:

  • Equipment - e.g. Milking machines (Mastitis)
  • Bedding or Housing - e.g. Perch (bumblefoot)
- Contact 
¬	Animal ↔ Animal 
¬	Human ↔ Animal 
	- Zoonosis 
¬	Hygiene important
  • Predisposing factors
    ¬ Abrasions, irritations
    ¬ Arthropods
    • Tick pyaemia
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12
Q

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)

A

Coagulase +

Usually haemolytic

Usually minor disease

  • Skin infections
  • Predisposing conditions

Can cause serious disease:

  • Deep abscesses
  • Osteomyelitis
  • Purulent arthritis
  • Pneumonia - Golden staph
  • Meningitis
  • Septicaemia
  • Endocarditis
  • Intoxications - food poisoning
  • Toxico-infectious - e.g. exfoliative skin disease, Toxin shock syndrome
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13
Q

Staphylococcus Bovine Mastitis

A

S. aureus

Inside or outside the udder on the teat skin

Grow well in milk

Lives high up in the glands

  • Contagious
  • Milking machine

Penetrate into interstitial tissue surviving intracellularly

Peracute and chronic

Subclinical –> Clinical lactation

Immunity

  • alpha toxins
  • Older cows, less acute

Treat for cure

  • Eliminate the pathogen or the animal
  • Dry Cow therapy
    • Subclinical disease
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14
Q

Staphylococcus hyicus

A

Porcine Exudative Dermatitis

  • Greasy pig disease
  • Similar to scalded skin syndrome (humans)

Skin of pigs
- Enter through minor abrasions and bites

Highly contagious

Non pruritic
- Its not itchy

Coagulase + (mostly)

  • Fibrinolysin
  • Protein A
  • Enterotoxins
  • Differ from S. aureus

Acetoin (V-P) negative

Exfoliative toxin

Non haemolytic

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15
Q

Staphylococcal Disease - Control & Prevention

A

Hygiene

  • Teat dripping
  • Handlers

Maintain skin health

  • Nutrition
  • Grooming
  • Ectoparasite prevention
    • Flea and tick control

Minimise likelihood of abrasions / spread

  • Rough bedding
  • Perch / feet management
  • Milking machine maintenance
  • Stress and co-mingling
  • Culling chronic cases
  • Dry cow therapy
  • Isolating infected pigs
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16
Q

Staphylococcal Disease - Treatment

A

Address the predisposing factor

Antibiotics

  • Topical or systemic
  • Treat the underlying problem if possible
  • Antimicrobial resistance:
    e. g. Penicillin and ampicillin resistance
    e. g. Methicillin resistance
    e. g. MDRS

Antimicrobial sensitivity testing

Disinfectants

  • Iodine useful topic antiseptic
  • Resistance to QAC (quaternary ammonium compounds)
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17
Q

Genus streptococcus

A

Important pathogens

Animals and man

Many are commensals

Enterococcaeceae spp.

  • Gut commensal
  • Antimicrobial resistance
  • Public health
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18
Q

Features of Streptococcus

A

Gram + cocci

Chains

Facultative anaerobes

Fastidious growth

Catalase negative

Ferment CHO

Widely distributed
- Many different species

Mucous membranes

Primary pathogens or secondary invaders

19
Q

Streptococcus - Classification

A

Haemolysins

  • Streptolysins O and S
  • Kills phagocytes
  • Suppuration
    • Alpha, beta or nill

Lancefield grouping

  • Precipitin test
  • Based on cell wall carbohydrates
  • Serological typing
    • 21 (A-H and K-W)
  • Not associated with virulence
  • Useful to differentiate streptococci
Morphology (broth) 
- Long chains 
	- S. agalactiae and S. 
          equi subsp. Equi 
	- Flocculent deposit 
          (strings)
20
Q

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)

A

Coagulase +

Usually haemolytic

Usually minor disease

  • Skin infections
  • Predisposing conditions

Can cause serious disease:

  • Deep abscesses
  • Osteomyelitis
  • Purulent arthritis
  • Pneumonia - Golden staph
  • Meningitis
  • Septicaemia
  • Endocarditis
  • Intoxications - food poisoning
  • Toxico-infectious - e.g. exfoliative skin disease, Toxin shock syndrome
21
Q

Staphylococcus Bovine Mastitis

A

S. aureus

Inside or outside the udder on the teat skin

Grow well in milk

Lives high up in the glands

  • Contagious
  • Milking machine

Penetrate into interstitial tissue surviving intracellularly

Peracute and chronic

Subclinical –> Clinical lactation

Immunity

  • alpha toxins
  • Older cows, less acute

Treat for cure

  • Eliminate the pathogen or the animal
  • Dry Cow therapy
    • Subclinical disease
22
Q

Staphylococcus hyicus

A

Porcine Exudative Dermatitis

  • Greasy pig disease
  • Similar to scalded skin syndrome (humans)

Skin of pigs
- Enter through minor abrasions and bites

Highly contagious

Non pruritic
- Its not itchy

Coagulase + (mostly)

  • Fibrinolysin
  • Protein A
  • Enterotoxins
  • Differ from S. aureus

Acetoin (V-P) negative

Exfoliative toxin

Non haemolytic

23
Q

Staphylococcal Disease - Control & Prevention

A

Hygiene

  • Teat dripping
  • Handlers

Maintain skin health

  • Nutrition
  • Grooming
  • Ectoparasite prevention
    • Flea and tick control

Minimise likelihood of abrasions / spread

  • Rough bedding
  • Perch / feet management
  • Milking machine maintenance
  • Stress and co-mingling
  • Culling chronic cases
  • Dry cow therapy
  • Isolating infected pigs
24
Q

Staphylococcal Disease - Treatment

A

Address the predisposing factor

Antibiotics

  • Topical or systemic
  • Treat the underlying problem if possible
  • Antimicrobial resistance:
    e. g. Penicillin and ampicillin resistance
    e. g. Methicillin resistance
    e. g. MDRS

Antimicrobial sensitivity testing

Disinfectants

  • Iodine useful topic antiseptic
  • Resistance to QAC (quaternary ammonium compounds)
25
Genus streptococcus
Important pathogens Animals and man Many are commensals Enterococcaeceae spp. - Gut commensal - Antimicrobial resistance - Public health
26
Features of Streptococcus
Gram + cocci Chains Facultative anaerobes Fastidious growth Catalase negative Ferment CHO Widely distributed - Many different species Mucous membranes Primary pathogens or secondary invaders
27
Streptococcus - Classification
Haemolysins - Streptolysins O and S - Kills phagocytes - Suppuration - Alpha, beta or nill Lancefield grouping - Precipitin test - Based on cell wall carbohydrates - Serological typing - 21 (A-H and K-W) - Not associated with virulence - Useful to differentiate streptococci ``` Morphology (broth) - Long chains - S. agalactiae and S. equi subsp. Equi - Flocculent deposit (strings) - Short chains - S. uberis - Powdery deposit ``` Chains not readily recognised on agar Chain formation enhanced in pus
28
Streptococcal Pathogens - Bovine
S. agalactiae --> Mastitis S. dysgalactiae --> Mastitis S. uberis --> Mastitis
29
Streptococcal Pathogens - Equine
S. equi subsp. equi --> strangles S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus S. equisimilis
30
Streptococcal Pathogens - Canine
S. canis
31
Streptococcal Pathogens - Porcine
S. suis S. porcinus S. equisimilis
32
Streptococcal Pathogens - Humans
S. pyogenes --> Pharyngitis "Strep throat" S. penumoniae --> Pneumococcal pneumonia
33
Strangles
S. equi subsp. equi Equidae Obligate parasite of nasopharynx Highly contagious Purulent inflammation - Upper respiratory tract - Localisation in regional lymph noes - Abscessation - Cytotoxins and M protein important - Resist phagocytosis - "Bastard" strangles - abscessation of the lungor in the abdomen - DEATH IS NOT UNCOMMON - abscesses not detected/ treated or do not rupture externally Identify and speciate organism - Differentiate from other forms of equine streptococci - Biochemistry S. equi subsp equi = Negative for lactose, sorbitol, trehalose S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus = Positive for lactose & sorbitol but Negative for Trehalose S. equisimilis = Positive for Lactose & Trehalose but Negative for Sorbitol S. equi subsp. equi - Highly contagious - Oral or nasal route - Direct or indirect contact - Recovered animals may be carriers - Recovered mares --> Antibody protection to foals - Persists in environment - Resistant to desiccation in secretion and pus
34
Streptococcal Host Factors
Commensal or obligate parasites - Host compromise important Exogenous and endogenous - Some are contagious Extracellular pathogens Suppuration Opsonising antibody important Non suppuratives sequelae - Strangles Purpura haemorrhagica - “Strep throat” Rhematic fever
35
Streptococcal environmental factors
Generally fragile - Obligate parasites more so Mastitis - Milking equipment - Hygiene - Teat handling and techniques Transport pneumonia - Horses (long distance travel – i.e. shuttle stallions) - Unable to move head freely - S. equi. subsp. zooepidemicus
36
Streptococcal Bovine Mastitis (Broad)
``` Identify and speciate the organism - S. agalactiae - S. dysgalactiae - S. uberis - Other occasional opportunistic streps E.g. S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus, S. pyogenes , S. pneumoniae ```
37
Streptococcal Bovine Mastitis - S. agalactiae
Obligate parasite of bovine mammary gland Insidious and slow - Subclinical infection common Contagious mastitis Colonises ductular tissue Fibrosis, alveolar atrophy and block teat duct Subsequent cycles – less severe clinical signs Sensitive to penicillin CAMP test useful in identifying Organism remains unless removed by therapy
38
Streptococcal Bovine Mastitis - S. dysgalactiae
Opportunistic pathogen – isolated from mucous membranes, tonsils and urogenital tract “Environmental” organism DOES NOT PERSIST IN THE UDDER Causes acute mastitis Sporadic cases Non-contagious Faulty milking machines - Sores on teats
39
Streptococcal Bovine Mastitis - S. uberis
Opportunistic pathogen – isolated from bedding, soil, GIT, urogenital tract, tonsils “Environmental” organism Causes acute mastitis Non-contagious Ascending infection through open teat orifice after milking Hygiene before and after milking Increasing problem - Dairy management - Cow density
40
Streptococcal Bovine Mastitis – Control & Prevention:
Dry cow therapy - Contagious mastitis Avoid teat lesions Clean and dry teats before milking - Teat dipping (pre and/or post-milking) - Iodine based antiseptic Milking machine - Pressure, liner skip, vacuum fluctuations Milking parlour hygiene Antimicrobial usage
41
Strangles
S. equi subsp. equi Equidae Obligate parasite of nasopharynx Highly contagious Purulent inflammation - Upper respiratory tract - Localisation in regional lymph noes - Abscessation - Cytotoxins and M protein important - Resist phagocytosis - "Bastard" strangles - abscessation of the lungor in the abdomen - DEATH IS NOT UNCOMMON - abscesses not detected/ treated or do not rupture externally Identify and speciate organism - Differentiate from other forms of equine streptococci - Biochemistry S. equi subsp equi = Negative for lactose, sorbitol, trehalose S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus = Positive for lactose & sorbitol but Negative for Trehalose S. equisimilis = Positive for Lactose & Trehalose but Negative for Sorbitol
42
Strangles- Control & Prevention
Vaccine - M protein - Local response important Quarantine - Individual and mob - Surveillance - New arrivals!! Treat with antimicrobials - Penicillin - Need a discharging lesion - Prophylaxis?
43
S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus
Opportunistic Commensal Predisposing factors are important - Transport pneumonia Associated with wound infection Secondary following viral infection of urogenital tract Associated with genital infections in mares - Infertility and abortions - Isolated in semen and epididymis of stallion (transmission) - Neonatal infection in foals (naval) Seen in non equidae
44
S. suis
Porcine Streptococci 35 serovars based on capsular antigens Zoonotic (often serovar 2) - Handling pigs, carcasses or pork products Septicaemia Meningitis Arthritis/ Polyarthritis

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