Bacteria (Bugs) Flashcards
(342 cards)
1
Q
description of clostridium difficile
A
Description: gram positive rod, anaerobic, tissue-damaging exotoxin, spore-forming
2
Q
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
A
Description: gram negative bacillus, obligate aerobe; exotoxin A
Encounter/ Entry: oxidase & catalase positive; motile; pilli for adhesion to epithelial; drug efflux pumps on outer membrane
Establish Infection: capsule & tight outer membrane; toxin ribosylates target- inhibits protein synthesis; type III secretions
Multiplication/Tissue Damage: biofilm production (antiphagocytosis); proteases; can get to bone & joint ; membrane damaging toxins;
Common Disease Types: otitis externa, hot tub dermatitis/folliculitis, endocarditis (esp IV drug users); keratitis, bone & joint infections; CF much more susceptible; NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS; sneaker osteomyelitis (especially in diabetic); often complication of burn injuries; number one cause of nosicomial pneumonia; respiratory failure in CF
Transmission: thrives in aquatic environments; found in soil; occasionally on skin: ear canal; hot tubs, sneakers
Other Notes: produces blue/green pigment & fruity odor; affects diabetics, burn victims, IV drug users; catheter/UTI infections; hot tub folliculitis; ecythema gangrenosum
Diagnosis/treatment: pip/tazo (maybe fluoroquinolones or aminoglycosides); has beta-lactamase (resistant to B-lactams); diagnosis via culture
3
Q
transmission of treponema pallidum
A
Transmission: human-human; close sexual contact; can transmit mother-fetus if mother has bacteremia
cause of syphilis
4
Q
identifying qualities of staph epidermidis
A
Other notes: catalase positive; coagulase negative
5
Q
immunization for bordetella pertussis
A
Immunization: DTaP toxoid
6
Q
description of pseudomonas aeruginosa
A
Description: gram negative bacillus, obligate aerobe; exotoxin A
7
Q
description of haemophilus influenzae
A
(most importantly: encapsulated type B- Hib)
Description: gram negative coccobacillus
8
Q
Disease types associated with borrelia burgdorferi
A
Disease Types: LYME DISEASE; characteristic target rash- erythema migrans; neurologic symptoms (Bell’s Palsy, confusion)
9
Q
bordetella pertussis
A
Description: gram negative coccobacillus, aerobe, 3 exotoxins: pertussis toxin, adenylate cyclase; tracheal cytotoxin
Encounter: inhaled from cough-generated droplets from infected person
Infection: attaches to ciliated cells of respiratory epithelium
Spread/Damage: toxins kill epithelial cells, increase cAMP
Transmission: only found in humans with active disease
**spasmodic, Whooping Cough, abx don’t cure symptoms if epithelial damage is done
Immunization: DTaP toxoid
10
Q
how is c diff encountered
A
Encounter: part of normal flora of intestine; often less competition when normal flora wiped out by abx
11
Q
how is treponema encountered?
A
Encounter/Entry: human is only known host—enters mucous membranes or small abrasions in skin via sexual contact
cause of syphilis
12
Q
other notes about mycobacterium leprae
A
Other Notes: thrives in cold temps (explains why it favors extremities)
13
Q
how does bordetella pertussis infect?
A
Infection: attaches to ciliated cells of respiratory epithelium
14
Q
diagnosis/treatment of brucella
A
Diagnosis/treatment: dx: blood or tissue biopsy (but not all cases are bacteremic); tetracyclines (doxy); rifampin; need multiple trugs & long course since such slow growth rate
15
Q
encounter/entry of pseudomonas aeruginosa
A
Encounter/ Entry: oxidase & catalase positive; motile; pilli for adhesion to epithelial; drug efflux pumps on outer membrane
16
Q
transmission of mycoplasma pneumoniae
A
Transmission: occurs in young adults in close quarters (only human-human); occurs in outbreaks/communities
17
Q
multiplication/tissue damage from yersinia pestis
A
Multiplication/Tissue Damage: major virulence due to suppression of early inflammatory response (type III secretion system + plasminogen activator); able to travel systemically- sudden onset of severe symptoms; have
18
Q
vaccination of mycobacteria TB
A
Vaccination: diagnose: TST or blood test, CXR; positive skin test if T cell is responding to TB– give induration; all patients with active TB should be offered directly observed therapy (DOT) because partial treatment leads to resistance; treatment: RIPE (rifampin, isoniazid, pyraxinamide, ethambutol); INH for latent TB
19
Q
common disease types associated with chlamydia trachomatis
A
Common Disease Types: sexually transmitted: GU trac, recurrent– PID, (serovars D-K), trachoma (eye infection)– main cause of blindness (serovars A,B,C); lymphogranuloma venereum LGV (serovars L1-L3)- also STD; passed on to fetus during birth
Reiter’s syndrome: uveitis, urethraitis, arthritis
20
Q
diagnosis/treatment of listeria monocytogenes
A
Diagnosis/treatment: diagnose: blood or CSF culture; treat: ampicillin or penicillin
21
Q
transmission of bacillus anthracis
A
Transmission: normal pathogen of grazing ungulates (encountered in soil)– cause a lot of bleeding so that in nature, can exit host as blood & sporulate; **can be aerosolized (biothreat)
22
Q
how does haemophilus influenzae spread/damage the host?
A
Spread/Damage; local infection: sinusitis, otitis media, epiglottitis
systemic: capsule, LPS causes proinflammatory damage (most damage due to inflammatory response)
23
Q
description of chlamydia trachomatis
A
Description: poor gram stain (cell wall doesn’t have muramic acid); obligate intracellular
24
Q
encounter/entry of EIEC
A
EIEC: enteroinvasive e. coli
Encounter/ Entry: not motile, lactose negative, binds to shigella antigens, contains virulence plasmid
25
multiplication/tissue damage from campylobacter jejuni
Multiplication/Tissue Damage: can be invasive leading to bacteremia
26
*salmonell enterica*
**Description**: gram negative rod, facultative anaerobe (intracellular: macrophages)
**Encounter/ Entry**: (typhoid fever: only human-human); GI (food-human)
**Establish Infection:** invades epithelium via membrane ruffles & type III secretion system; remains in phagosomes; capsule, motile
**Multiplication/Tissue Damage:** strong inflammatory response & type III secretions; recruit neutrophils); thypoid: seeding of gall bladder --\> common shedding/infection
**Common Disease Types:** gastroenteritis (salmonellosis)- most common foodborne illness in US-inflammatory diarrhea (leukocytes in stool), enteric (typhoid) fever-- only human-human pathogen, rose spots; sustained bacteremia (vascular infection), often in aorta; #1 cause of osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease; pea soup diarrhea
**Transmission**: enteric bacteria (colonizer) - but NOT component of human normal flora; food-human (can be human-human)
**Host Defense:** invades lymphatics in colon (in macrophages); inflammatory responses possible (reactive arthritis, IBS)
**Other Notes:** acid labile (degraded in stomach)--need high dose to cause infection; closely related to E. coli
**Vaccination**: vaccination against typhoid fever (maybe 20% effective)
27
transmission of brucella
Transmission: direct contact with livestock or unpasteurized dairy (zoonic-- accidental pathology in humans)
28
host defense with salmonella enterica
Host Defense: invades lymphatics in colon (in macrophages); inflammatory responses possible (reactive arthritis, IBS)
29
how is neisseria gonorrhoeae encountered/enter
Encounter/ Entry: human only known host; enters through vagina (sexually transmitted); mediated by (type IV) pilli & opacity(opa) proteins
30
diagnosis/treatment of helicobacter pylori
Diagnosis/treatment: diagnosis: endoscope/urea breath test, serology, fecal antigen test, C-urea breath test; treatment for cancer/peptic ulcers: combo of PPI, amox & macrolide (clarithromycin)
31
transmission of shigella
Transmission: enteric bacteria; fecal-oral (person-person) \*most contagious bacterial diarrhea
32
*helicobacter pylori*
**Description**: gram negative comma (curved rod); facultative anaerobe with cytotoxins
**Encounter/ Entry:** commensal of human stomach
**Establish Infection**: slow growing; adhesins help bind to gastric epithelia; urease-- lyses & increases pH so it can survive better; motile with flagella
**Multiplication/Tissue Damage:** persistent infection (infeced for decades); urease; non-inflammatory LPS sometimes
**Common Disease Types:** chronic gastritis, cause of most duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer; risk for gastric adenocarcinoma & MALToma
**Transmission**: pathogen/commensal of human stomach (pylorus); gastric-oral/fecal-oral/oral-oral
**Other Notes:** urease positive; oxidase positive
**Diagnosis/treatment:** diagnosis: endoscope/urea breath test, serology, fecal antigen test, C-urea breath test; treatment for cancer/peptic ulcers: combo of PPI, amox & macrolide (clarithromycin)
33
how does listeria monocytogenes establish infection
Establish Infection: B hemolytic; motile (comet-like tails); facultative intracellular; projections into neighbor cells
34
multiplication/tissue damage caused by neisseria meningitidis
Multiplication/Tissue Damage: inflammation--\> leaky capillaries; meningococcemia; meningitis, bacteremia;able to survive in bloodstream; can lead to shock; phase & antigenic variation
35
other notes about bacteroides fragilis
Other Notes: contributes to beneficial role of normal flora
36
host defense with listeria monocytogenes
Host Defense: after initial entry, bacterium remains intracellular (usually controlled by cell-mediated immunity & CD8 T Cells- antibody response is irrelevant)
37
treatment of rickettsia rickettsi
Treatment: doxycycline
38
description of neisseria meningitidis
Description: gram negative diplococcic, facultative intracellular
39
treatment for chlamydia trachomatis
doxy, use ceftriazone to also treat comorbid gonorrhea (
## Footnote
often found together, thru sexual contact)
40
diagnosis of treponema pallidum
Diagnosis: through PCN
cause of syphilis
41
common disease types of klebsiella
Common Disease Types: common cause of nosocomial infections; can cause lobar pneumonia (currant jelly sputum); UTI
42
how is clostridium tetani encountered?
Encounter: infection via contamination of wound
43
how does bordetella pertussis spread/cause damage?
\*\*spasmodic, Whooping Cough, abx don't cure symptoms if epithelial damage is done
Spread/Damage: toxins kill epithelial cells, increase cAMP
44
what is the representative gram negative rod we think of first in nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections?
*pseudomonas aeruginosa*
why?
-resistant to many abx due to tight porin channels & efflux pumps
45
description of neisseria gonorrhoeae
Description: gram negative, diplococci, facultative intracellular
46
other notes about mycobacteria TB
Other Notes: symptoms: cold sweats, cachetic,; fear of young people with TB developing meningitis
47
multiplication/damage of ETEC
ETEC: enterotoxigenic e coli
Multiplication/Tissue Damage: increased cAMP lead to watery diarrhea, dehydration, electolyte imbalance
48
transmission of yersinia pestis
Transmission: highly transmissable when aerolized (biothreat); usually arthropod (fleas)
49
description of mycoplasma pneumoniae
Description: gram indeterminate (no cell wall; cell membrane has sterols); pleomorphic shape; small size & small genome
50
how is clostridium botulinum encountered?
Encounter: infants: spores in food (honey); adults: toxin in food (canned or seafood)
51
*chlamydia trachomatis*
**Description:** poor gram stain (cell wall doesn’t have muramic acid); obligate intracellular
**Encounter/entry:** sexual contact; elementary body encounter epithelium
**Establish infection:** epithelial cells- reticular bodies directly damage epithelial barriers; type III secretion system ; RBs convert to Ebs and infect more
**Multiplication/Tissue damage:** type III secretion; induce inflammation
**Common Disease Types**: sexually transmitted: GU trac, recurrent-- PID, (serovars D-K), trachoma (eye infection)-- main cause of blindness (serovars A,B,C); lymphogranuloma venereum LGV (serovars L1-L3)- also STD; passed on to fetus during birth
**Transmission:** can be transmitted to fetus during birth (conjunctivitis & pneumonia); Reiter's syndrome: uveitis, urethraitis, arthritis
**Notes**: bacteria exist as elementary (transmissable/infectious) form and reticular form (replicative within cells); cell wall lacks muramic acid
**Treatment**: doxy; use ceftriaxone to also treat gorrorhea (often found together, thru sexual contact)
52
encounter/entry of listeria monocytogenes
Encounter/ Entry: oral transmission; uptake by antigen-sampling M cells & macrophages, ruptures macrophages
53
*neisseria gonorrhoeae*
**Description**: gram negative, diplococci, facultative intracellular
**Encounter/ Entry:** human only known host; enters through vagina (sexually transmitted); mediated by (type IV) pilli & opacity(opa) proteins
**Establish Infection:** mucosal colonization (women)-attaches to columnar epithelial in cervix ; ascends from cervix (women have higher risk of ascendance)
**Multiplication/Tissue Damage:** salpingitis, PID; persistent infection leading to systemic bacteremia- can spread to skin/joints; IgA protease, iron acquisition, evade phagocytes; can do phase variation & antigenic variation; serum resistant (resistant to serum complement)
**Common Disease Types:** can have asymptomatic carriage; PID- white pirulent vaginal discharge; PID can spread to peritoneum (Fitz Hugh Curtis Syndrome via violin string adhesions); congenital pirulent conjunctivitis is mother pass to baby (EARLY ONSET); DCI (disseminated gonocococcal infection-- bacteremia); can also cause proctitis, conjunctivitis, pharyngitis
**Transmission**: human only host (asymptomatic infection possible); sexually transmitted
**Host Defense:** barriers of cervical infection: cervical canal, mucus plug, hormones
**Other Notes:** growth on VPN agar & chocolate agar; oxidase positive
**Diagnosis/treatment:** ceftriaxone (but also administer macrolide or doxy to cover chlamydia too)
**Vaccination**: no
54
Transmission of streptococcus pneumoniae
Transmission: reservoir= nasopharynx
55
immunization for corynebacterium diptheriae?
Immunization: DTaP toxoid
56
Common disease types associated with legionella pneumophila
Common Disease Types: Legionaires: walking pneumonia, patchy CXR with consolidation in one lobe, paired with diarrhea, hyponatremia, neuro symptoms (HA/confusion); pontiac fever
57
how does francisella tularenis establish infection
Establish Infection: short survival in air but low dose required for infection; highly invasive
58
other notes about listeria monocytogenes
Other Notes: pregnant women (1/3 of infections); catalase positive; survive in cold environments
59
how does corynebacterium diphtheriae spread/cause damage?
Spread/damage: all of pathology due to toxin; blocks protein synthesis; toxin spreads systemically-- pseudomembranes & edema (bull's neck)
60
ETEC (enterotoxigenic e. coli)
**Description:** (E COLI) gram negative rod, facultative anaerobe; heat labile toxin & heat stable toxin
**Encounter/ Entry:** contaminated food/water; adheres to epithelium via pili
**Establish Infection:** colonizes intestinal tract; toxin cause increased cAMP
**Multiplication/Tissue Damage:** increased cAMP lead to watery diarrhea, dehydration, electolyte imbalance
**Common Disease Types:**"traveler's" diarrhea; watery diarrhea; self-limited
**Transmission**: enteric bacteria; transmitted via water (Mexico)
**Host Defense:** develop immune response to the heat labile toxin; if in endemic area- can form immunity
**Other Notes:** like less virulent v. cholerae (heat-labile toxin)
61
treatment of mycoplasma pneumoniae
Treatment: (No cell wall) macrolides
62
description of bacillus anthracis
Description: gram positive rods (in chains); obligate aerobe; spore-former (2 toxins: Lethal Factor & Edema Factor); since makes spores-- biothreat
63
encounter/entry of mycoplasma pneumoniae
Encounter/entry: human only known reservoir; droplets
64
other notes about EHEC
EHEC: enterohemorrhagic e coli
Other Notes: only e coli that doesn’t ferment sorbitol; 0157:H7 serotype causes outbreaks; occurs in US!
65
how is the host defense involved in borrelia burgdorferi
Host Defense: complement activated, chemokines released by skin cells, antibody response (against surface lipoproteins—helps with diagnosis); phase variation can occur in lipoproteins
*cause of Lyme Disease*
66
transmission of rickettsia rickettsi
Transmission: spread by dermacentor tick; primary mammal host of these ticks: rodents, dogs
67
multiplication/tissue damage from klebsiella
Multiplication/Tissue Damage: growth can trigger necrosis, inflammation & hemorrhage
68
common disease types of neisseria meningitidis
Common Disease Types: asymptomatic carriers spread the disease; Waterhouse-Friederichson Syndrome (adrenal hemorrhage); common to see petichiae rash (due to hemorrhage); one of principle bacterial agents of CNS disease; can cause otitis media, conjunctivitis,s eptic arthritis, urethritis, purulent pericarditis
69
encounter/entry of EHEC
EHEC: enterohemorrhagic e coli
Encounter/ Entry: low infectious dose; contaminated food (beef); can transmit human-human; adheres to epithelium of large bowel
70
how does yersinia pestis establish infection?
Establish Infection: highly invasive , can survive in macrophages (intracellular & extracellular bug); can really cause bacteremia; peptide capsule
71
how does mycobacterium leprae establish infection?
Establish Infection: tuberculoid leprosy: within macrophages (strong TH1 response); lepromatous leprosy: (TH2 cells involved)bacteria not maintained in macrophage
72
*corynebacterium diphtheriae*
**Description:** gram positive rod, anaerobe, AB exotoxin; no spores
**Encounter:** oral secretions
**Infection:** colonizes pharyngeal epithelium
**Spread/damage:** all of pathology due to toxin; blocks protein synthesis; toxin spreads systemically-- pseudomembranes & edema (bull's neck)
**Transmission:** only reservoir: throat of man
**Immunization:** DTaP toxoid
73
klebsiella
**Description:** gram negative rod
**Encounter**/ **Entry**: often intro by medical manipulation (IV, cath); normal GI flora
**Establish Infection:** capsule (K antigen), immotile; diverse antigens
**Multiplication/Tissue Damage:** growth can trigger necrosis, inflammation & hemorrhage
**Common Disease Types:** common cause of nosocomial infections; can cause lobar pneumonia (currant jelly sputum); UTI
**Transmission**: enteric bacteria (GI tract); common in skin, pharynx
**Other Notes:** mutli-drug resistance (some produce extended spectrum beta lactamase ESBL); ferment lactose; urease positive
74
description of streptococcus pneumoniae
aka Pneumococcus
Description: gram positive, diplococci
75
stages of lyme disease
(due to borrelia burgdorferi)
3 phases of Lyme Disease: Stage 1 (early infection, localized); Stage 2 (early infection, disseminated infection); Stage 3 (late infection; persistent infection; post-lyme ("chronic")
76
description of francisella tularenia
Description: gram negative coccobacillus, facultative intracellular; \*\*biothreat
77
*Rickettsia rickettsi*
**Description**: gram negative (but poorly stained), coccobacillus, obligate intracellular
**Encounter/entry:** arthropod vector for transmission
**Establish Infection:** pathogen of endothelium- spread by ticks, lysis of vascular endothelium (lead to leaky vessels), use host actin to provide motility & transfer to other cells
**Multiplication/tissue damage:** infection of endothelial cell, spread to neighboring cells- affected blood vessels hemorrhage
**Common Disease Types:** headache, fever, vasculitis; Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever: rash (due to hemorrhage) spreads from limbs to central; myalgias; disseminated coagulopathy
**Transmission:** spread by dermacentor tick; primary mammal host of these ticks: rodents, dogs
**Other notes:** geography plays a role- most prevalent in southeast US
**Treatment**: doxycycline
78
description of yersinia pestis
Description: gram negative; facultative anaerobe, no spores/toxins; \*\*biothreat (plague)
79
common disease types from yersinia pestis
Common Disease Types: plague; ataxia caused by pain of bubos; can penetrate lungs (when human-human transmission occurs) causing bloody sputum (late stage); sepsis syndrome is primary COD; bubos (enlarged lymph node with tons of bacteria usually in axilla or groin)
80
how streptococcus pneumoniae encounters host
Encounter: nasopharyngeal colonization via respiratory droplets
81
how is clostridium perfringens encountered?
Encounter: contamination of wound (especially after abdominal surgery)
82
common diseases associated with chlamydia pneumoniae
Common disease types: pharyngitis, bronchitis, atypical pneumonia
83
other notes about helicobacter pylori
Other Notes: urease positive; oxidase positive
84
encounter/entry of salmonella enterica
Encounter/ Entry: (typhoid fever: only human-human); GI (food-human)
85
disease types involved with staph epidermidis
Disease Types: UTI, nosocomial bacteremia, endocarditis (especially on prosthetic valves), infections of prostheses/shunts/implants
86
how does chlamydia pneumoniae establish infection
Establish Infection: epithelial cells- reticular bodies directly damage epithelial barriers; type III secretion system ; RBs convert to Ebs and infect more
87
how does bacteroides fragilis multiply/cause tissue damage
Multiplication/Tissue Damage: produce B-lactamase
88
host defense involved in mycobacteria tuberculosis
Host Defense: environmental & genetic factors can predispose to TB; TNF inhibitor drugs can reactivate TB
89
description of salmonella enterica
Description: gram negative rod, facultative anaerobe (intracellular: macrophages)
90
description of EIEC
EIEC: enteroinvasive e. coli
Description: gram negative rod, facultative anaerobe, no toxins
91
how does clamydia trachomatis establish infection
Establish infection: **epithelial** cells- reticular bodies directly damage epithelial barriers; type III secretion system ; RBs convert to Ebs and infect more
92
description of staph aureus
Description: gram positive, clusters of cocci, aerobe
93
how does staphylococcus aureus establish infection?
Establish Infection: colonizes skin & nose, enters through break in skin
94
95
transmission of mycobacteria tubercluosis
Transmission: infectious aerosols (droplets) human-human
96
transmission of campylobacter jejuni
Transmission: zoonotic infections (fecal-oral); commensal of domestic animals' GI tract; foodborne especially in summer
97
description of shigella
Description: gram negative, facultative anaerobe (cytoplasmic pathogen), shiga toxin
98
host defense & francisella tularenis
Host Defense: cell-mediated immunity (T cells) necessary to clear intracellular infection
99
*Staphlococcus epidermidis*
**Description**: gram positive, clusters of cocci
**Encounter**: normal skin flora (only pathogenic if on foreign body)
**Establish Infection:** biofilm, infections on prosthetic material/catheters
**Disease Types:** UTI, nosocomial bacteremia, endocarditis (especially on prosthetic valves), infections of prostheses/shunts/impants
**Transmission:** normal skin flora
**Other notes:** catalase positive; coagulase negative
100
disease/pathology seen with staphlyococcus aureus
Disease Types:
think pus: folliculitis, furuncles, impetigo, cellulitis, wound infetions-- inflammatory response due to superantigens
- SSSS toxin: staph scalded skin syndrome
- TSST toxin: toxic shock syndrome
- enterotoxin: food poisoning (2-6 hours after ingestion)
- leukocidin toxin: factor seen in community- acquired MRSA
101
other notes about campyobacter jejuni
Other Notes: thermophilic; oxidase positive; bile salt resistant
102
how does campylobacter jejuni establish infection?
Establish Infection: motile, slow growing; grows in bile
103
treatment of infection of clostridium perfringens?Treatment: debridement, hyperbaric chamber
Treatment: debridement, hyperbaric chamber
104
listeria monocytogenes
**Description**: gram positive rod, cytoplasmic pathogen (intracellular)
**Encounter**/ **Entry**: oral transmission; uptake by antigen-sampling M cells & macrophages, ruptures macrophages
**Establish** **Infection**: B hemolytic; motile (comet-like tails); facultative intracellular; projections into neighbor cells
**Multiplication**/**Tissue** **Damage**: damage due to host resposne; spread via blood & macrophages
**Common Disease Types**: flu-like symptoms; can produce meningitis, sepsis;
**Transmission**: can contaminate refrigerated food (milk, soft cheese, meat); also in stool
**Host Defense**: after initial entry, bacterium remains intracellular (usually controlled by cell-mediated immunity & CD8 T Cells- antibody response is irrelevant)
**Other Notes:** pregnant women (1/3 of infections); catalase positive; survivie in cold environments
**Diagnosis/treatment:** diagnose: blood or CSF culture; treat: ampicillin or penicillin
105
*Staphylococcus aureus*
**Description:** gram positive, clusters of cocci, aerobe
**Encounter:** colonizes skin & nose
**Establish Infection:** colonizes skin & nose, enters through break in skin
**Damage/Spread:** B-hemolysis, IgG binding protein A in cell wall; secretes antigens
\*\*catalase positive, coagulase positive (latex assay, clumping factor, Protein A)
**Disease Types:**
think pus: folliculitis, furuncles, impetigo, cellulitis, wound infetions-- inflammatory response due to superantigens
- SSSS toxin: staph scalded skin syndrome
- TSST toxin: toxic shock syndrome
- enterotoxin: food poisoning (2-6 hours after ingestion)
- leukocidin toxin: factor seen in community- acquired MRSA
106
transmission of clostridium tetani?
Transmission: common in soil, spores survive for years
107
common disease types of neisseria gonorrhoeae
Common Disease Types: can have asymptomatic carriage; PID- white pirulent vaginal discharge; PID can spread to peritoneum (Fitz Hugh Curtis Syndrome via violin string adhesions); congenital pirulent conjunctivitis is mother pass to baby (EARLY ONSET); DCI (disseminated gonocococcal infection-- bacteremia); can also cause proctitis, conjunctivitis, pharyngitis
108
how does borrelia burgdorferi establish infection?
Establish Infection: endoflagellum allows penetration of endothelium; motile; penetrate blood vessels
cause of Lyme Disease
109
diagnosis/treatment of mycobacteirum leprae
Diagnosis/treatment: lepromin skin test; treatment: multidrug therapy tuberculoid: dapsone & rifampin 6 months; lepromatous: these 2 + clofazamine for 2-3 years
110
treatment for streptococcus pyogenes
Treatment: penicillin, beta lactams, clinda, macrolides
111
Stages of Pneumococcal Pneumonia
(due to infection by streptococcus pneumoniae)
Exudative phase: alveoli fill with exudate
Early consolidation phase: chemotaxis
Hepatization phase: lung looks like a liver
Resolution phase: macrophages clear debris
112
description of mycobacterium leprae
Description:gram positive & acid fast (mycolic acid in waxy coat) rod; aerobe
113
how does treponema pallidum establish infection?
Establish infection: local infection (primary syphilis); motile
114
description of EHEC
EHEC: enterohemorrhagic e coli
Description: (E. COLI) gram negative rod, facultative anaerobe, shiga-toxin that inhibits translation
115
transmission of mycobacterium leprae
Transmission: human-human; nasal secretions; main reservoir is the armadillo in the US, grows in footpads of immunodeficient mice too
116
description of ETEC
ETEC: enterotoxigenic e coli
Description: (E COLI) gram negative rod, facultative anaerobe; heat labile toxin & heat stable toxin
117
common disease types from listeria monocytogenes
Common Disease Types: flu-like symptoms; can produce meningitis, sepsis;
118
transmission of borrelia burgdorferi
Transmission: deer/mice to tick à humans; can pass transplacentally (congenital)
cause of Lyme Disease
119
description of vibrio cholerae
Description: gram negative comma (curved rod), facultative anaerobe; toxin-mediated disease via enterotoxin
120
how does neisseria gonorrhoeae multply/cause tissue damage?
Multiplication/Tissue Damage: salpingitis, PID; persistent infection leading to systemic bacteremia- can spread to skin/joints; IgA protease, iron acquisition, evade phagocytes; can do phase variation & antigenic variation; serum resistant (resistant to serum complement)
121
host defense & bacillus anthracis
Host Defense: inflammation suppressed
122
encounter/entry of neisseria meningitidis
Encounter/ Entry: human only host; enter through upper respiratory tract(requires close contact) ; _pili and opa_ mediated attachment
123
transmission of e coli
Transmission: enteric bacteria- COMMENSAL; fecal-oral transmission
124
other notes about e coli
Other Notes: can ferment lactose; most abundant facultative anaerobe in the gut
125
EPEC (enteropathogenic e. coli)
**Description**: gram negative rod, facultative anaerobe, no toxins
**Encounter/ Entry:** adheres to epithelium via pili in small intestine
**Common Disease Types:** diarrhea (not bloody) with mucus; malaise; vomiting
**Other Notes:** just like EHEC, but happens in small intestine without toxin
126
host response involved with legionella pneumophila
Host Response: host response/ inflammation is much of damage
127
how does mycoplasma pneumoniae establish infection?
Establish Infection: adhere to respiratory epithelium; slow growing (1-3 week incubation); stays localized in upper respiratory tract
128
how does streptococcus pneumoniae spread/cause damage?
Spread/Damage: spreads to lower respiratory tract, attaches via adhesins, can undergo phase variation (less susceptible to immunity)
\*most common cause of community acquired pneumonia; can cause pneumococcal meningitis
\*bile sensitive
129
diagnosis/treatment of borrelia burgdorferi
Diagnosis/Treatment: diagnosis through clinical presentation & serology; treatment with doxy, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone
130
*mycoplasma pneumoniae*
**Description**: gram indeterminate (no cell wall; cell membrane has sterols); pleomorphic shape; small size & small genome
**Encounter/entry:** human only known reservoir; droplets
**Establish Infection:** adhere to respiratory epithelium; slow growing (1-3 week incubation); stays localized in upper respiratory tract
**Multiplication/tissue damage:** no capacity for invasive disease; blocks ciliary action; mononuclear (monocyte) infiltrate – typical pneumonia show neutrophil infiltrate ;IgM Cold agglutinins
**Common Disease Types:** walking pneumonia, patchy CXR that looks worse than clinical manifestation
**Transmission:** occurs in young adults in close quarters (only human-human); occurs in outbreaks/communities
**Treatment**: (No cell wall) macrolides
131
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
**Description**: acid fast rod; aerobe
**Encounter/ Entry:** infectious aerosols, reach alveoli; interacts with alveolar macrophage
**Establish Infection:** lives within macrophage in alveoli- don't allow phago-lysosome fusion; slow-growing within macrophages (no symptoms yet)
**Multiplication/Tissue Damage:** replicate in lungs, can spread via RES; grows slowly; cell envelope has thick waxy layer (lipids, porins); secretion system (not Type III or iV, but similar) (damage is immune mediated) ; able to eat host membranes
**Common Disease Types:** TB; Many outcomes after infection (infection is not the same as active disease): Acute Infection (pre-symptomatic); stable control of infection (latent) (never symptoms, skin test positive- Cell-mediated immunity-CD4T cells & granuloma); primary disease (pathology after months); latent can be reactivated;Miliary TB disseminated to body, lesions look like millet seeds) ;active TB (caseous necrosis of granuloma)
**Transmission**: infectious aerosols (droplets) human-human
**Host Defense:** environmental & genetic factors can predispose to TB; TNF inhibitor drugs can reactivate TB
**Other Notes:** symptoms: cold sweats, cachetic,; fear of young people with TB developing meningitis
**Diagnosis/treatment:** diagnose: TST or blood test, CXR; positive skin test if T cell is responding to TB-- give induration; all patients with active TB should be offered directly observed therapy (DOT) because partial treatment leads to resistance; treatment: RIPE (rifampin, isoniazid, pyraxinamide, ethambutol); INH for latent TB
**Vaccination**: diagnose: TST or blood test, CXR; positive skin test if T cell is responding to TB-- give induration; all patients with active TB should be offered directly observed therapy (DOT) because partial treatment leads to resistance; treatment: RIPE (rifampin, isoniazid, pyraxinamide, ethambutol); INH for latent TB
132
encounter of staphylococcus aureus
Encounter: colonizes skin & nose
133
*Brucella*
**Description:** gram negative, coccobacillus, facultative intracellular
**Encounter/entry**: ingestion (usually unpasteurized dairy product)/direct contact with animal
E**stablish Infection:** grows within macrophages, but can spread very quickly; inhibits fusion of endosome & lysosome
**Multiplication/damage:** noncaseating granulomas; can cause systemic disease; spreads through RES
**Common disease types:** undulant fever; anorexia, liver & splenic involvement; osteomyeltis;
**Transmission:** direct contact with livestock or unpasteurized dairy (zoonic-- accidental pathology in humans)
**Diagnosis/treatment**: dx: blood or tissue biopsy (but not all cases are bacteremic); tetracyclines (doxy); rifampin; need multiple trugs & long course since such slow growth rate
134
escherichia coli
**Description**: gram negative rod; facultative anaerobe; LPS exotoxin \*\*serotyping antigens is helpful for pathogenic straings (antigens: O, H, K)
**Encounter/ Entry**: fecal-oral; doesn't enter cytoplasm; pili, hemolysin,
**Establish Infection:** capsule with K antigen; pili
**Multiplication/Tissue Damage:** #1 cause UTI, #1cause gram negative sepsis; neonatal meningitis due to bacteremia in infants
**Common Disease Types**: E coli is most frequent cause of UTI (UPEC species); also cause neonatal meningitis
**Transmission**: enteric bacteria- COMMENSAL; fecal-oral transmission
**Other Notes:** can ferment lactose; most abundant facultative anaerobe in the gut
135
how does helicobacter pylori establish infection
Establish Infection: slow growing; adhesins help bind to gastric epithelia; urease-- lyses & increases pH so it can survive better; motile with flagella
136
yersinia pestis
**Description**: gram negative; facultative anaerobe, no spores/toxins; \*\*biothreat
**Encounter/ Entry:** human-human when aerosolized; bite of infected fleas (vector/arthropod)
**Establish Infection**: highly invasive , can survive in macrophages (intracellular & extracellular bug); can really cause bacteremia; peptide capsule
**Multiplication/Tissue Damage:** major virulence due to suppression of early inflammatory response (type III secretion system + plasminogen activator); able to travel systemically- sudden onset of severe symptoms; have
**Common Disease Types:** plague; ataxia caused by pain of bubos; can penetrate lungs (when human-human transmission occurs) causing bloody sputum (late stage); sepsis syndrome is primary COD; bubos (enlarged lymph node with tons of bacteria usually in axilla or groin)
**Transmission**: highly transmissable when aerolized (biothreat); usually arthropod (fleas)
**Host Defense:** inflammation suppressed
**Diagnosis/treatment:** treatment has to be inititated within 24 hours from onset of symptoms
137
how is corynebacterium diptheriae encountered?
Encounter: oral secretions
138
*streptococcus pneumoniae*
aka Pneumococcus
**Description:** gram positive, diplococci
**Encounter:** nasopharyngeal colonization via respiratory droplets
**Infection:** antiphagogenic capsule, alpha hemolysis, pneumolysis breaks pore in host tissue
**Spread/Damage:** spreads to lower respiratory tract, attaches via adhesins, can undergo phase variation (less susceptible to immunity)
\*most common cause of community acquired pneumonia; can cause pneumococcal meningitis
\*bile sensitive
**Transmission:** reservoir= nasopharynx
**Treatment:** penicillin
139
*Campylobacter jejuni*
**Description**: gram negative comma (curved rod), facultative anaerobe; enteroxins & cytotoxins
**Encounter/ Entry:** zoonotic infections (fecal-oral); commensal of domestic animals' GI tract; foodborne especially in summer
**Establish Infection**: motile, slow growing; grows in bile
**Multiplication/Tissue Damage:** can be invasive leading to bacteremia
**Common Disease Types:** boody diarrheal disease, gastroenteritis, post-infectious sequelae: Guillain-Barre syndrome (demyelination of nerves-- ascending paralysis), reactive arthritis
**Transmission**: zoonotic infections (fecal-oral); commensal of domestic animals' GI tract; foodborne especially in summer
**Host Defense:** resistant to antibodies & complement
**Other Notes:** thermophilic; oxidase positive; bile salt resistant
140
how does clostridium difficile spread/cause damage?
Spread/damage: sloughing of epithelium & pseudomembranes (pseudomembranous colitis
141
description of clostridium botulinum
Description: gram positive rod, anaerobic, neurotoxic exotoxin, spore-forming
142
Transmission of chlamydia trachomatis
Transmission: can be transmitted to fetus during birth (conjunctivitis & pneumonia)
143
encounter of bordetella pertussis
Encounter: inhaled from cough-generated droplets from infected person
144
how does e coli establish infection
Establish Infection: capsule with K antigen; pili
145
common disease types of shigella
Common Disease Types: severe: dysentery, parallels Chrohn's (due to shigatoxin); \*most contagious bacterial diarrhea
146
immunization for clostridium
Immunization: Tdap toxoid
147
how does staph epidermidis establish infection
Establish Infection: biofilm, infections on prosthetic material/catheters
148
how is bordetella pertussis transmitted?
Transmission: only found in humans with active disease
149
how is clostridium botulinum often transmitted?
Transmission: ingested
150
*enterococcus*
aka Group D Strep
**Description:** gram positive, cocci that form short chain, anaerobic
**Encounter:** often catheter-related infections, wound infections
**Transmission:** part of normal fecal flora of humans & animals; often spread by healthcare workers
\*VRE (vancomycin resistant enterococci) has been established
-bile resistant
151
other notes about salmonella enterica
Other Notes: acid labile (degraded in stomach)--need high dose to cause infection; closely related to E. coli
152
how does clostridium perfringens infect?
Infection: alpha toxin hydrolyzes cell membranes
153
treatment/diagnosis of legionella pneumophila
Treatment/Diagnosis: urine antigen tests for dx; often treat upon suspicion; macrolides, fluoroquinolone
154
encounter/entry of rickettsia rickettsi
Encounter/entry: arthropod vector for transmission
155
*Vibrio cholerae*
**Description**: gram negative comma (curved rod), facultative anaerobe; toxin-mediated disease via enterotoxin
**Encounter/ Entry:** contaminated water/food; fecal-oral
**Establish Infection:** polar flagellae; adhesins allow adherence to intestinal mucosa; release enterotoxin, inserts into cell membrane, stimulates adenyl cyclase & increase cAMP (increase Cl secretion, causing secretions)
**Multiplication/Tissue Damage:** enterotoxin ; biofilm; adhesins
**Common Disease Types:** toxin mediated diarrhea; wound infections; systemic infections in compromised host; toxin mediated diarrheal (rice water stool)-- hypokalemia & met. acidosis; wound infections; can get other infections from raw shellfish-- sepsis, cutaneous bullae
**Transmission**: environmental- survive in fresh and salt water; bile salt resistant, oxidase positive, halophilic -- survives as colony (biofilm) in environment
**Other Notes:** bile salt resistant (able to survive in GI tract); oxidase positive
**Diagnosis/treatment:** Therapy: REHYDRATE (fluid & K loss; glucose & Na); IV Ringer sol'n; Abx: tetracycline & fluoroquinolones
156
encounter/entry of chlamydia trachomatis
Encounter/entry: sexual contact; elementary body encounter epithelium
157
common disease types associated with mycoplasma pneumoniae
Common Disease Types: walking pneumonia, patchy CXR that looks worse than clinical manifestation
158
transmission of chlamydia pneumoniae
Transmission: aerosols from coughing
159
other notes about neisseria gonorrhoeae
Other Notes: growth on VPN agar & chocolate agar; oxidase positive
160
*Bacteroides fragilis*
**Description**: gram negative bacillus, anaerobe (opportunist)
**Encounter/ Entry:** component of normal flora on skin ; enters epithelial/cutaneous barrier
**Establish Infection:** synergy in polymicrobial infections; often form abscesses
**Multiplication/Tissue Damage:** produce B-lactamase
**Common Disease Types:** endogenous infections ;bacterial vaginosis; but NOT increased susceptibility with immunodeficient states because part of normal internal flora; often cause putrid odor & gas (crepitus)
**Transmission**: normal flora of GI tract; somewhat in female genital tract
**Other Notes:** contributes to beneficial role of normal flora
161
outcomes of streptococcus pyogenes
Pyogenic Infections: impetigo, pharyngitis, cellulitis, erysypilis
Toxigenic effects (streptogenic exotoxin): scarlet fever, strep TSS, necrotizing fasciitis
Complications after infection: Rheumatic Fever, glomerulonephritis
162
multiplication/tissue damage of mycobacteria
Multiplication/Tissue Damage: replicate in lungs, can spread via RES; grows slowly; cell envelope has thick waxy layer (lipids, porins); secretion system (not Type III or iV, but similar) (damage is immune mediated) ; able to eat host membranes
163
transmission of klebsiella
Transmission: enteric bacteria (GI tract); common in skin, pharynx
164
how does brucella establish infection?
Establish Infection: grows within macrophages, but can spread very quickly; inhibits fusion of endosome & lysosome
165
description of bacteroides fragilis
Description: gram negative bacillus, anaerobe (opportunist)
166
diagnosis/treatment of yersinia pestis
Diagnosis/treatment: treatment has to be inititated within 24 hours from onset of symptoms
167
how does EHEC establish infection
EHEC: enterohemorrhagic e coli
Establish Infection: acid stable (stomach); causes attaching & effacing lesions, dissolves microvilli & forms pedestals via type III secretion system
168
description of campylobacter jejuni
Description: gram negative comma (curved rod), facultative anaerobe; enteroxins & cytotoxins
169
EHEC (enterohemorrhagic e. coli)
**Description**: (E. COLI) gram negative rod, facultative anaerobe, shiga-toxin that inhibits translation
**Encounter/ Entry:** low infectious dose; contaminated food (beef); can transmit human-human; adheres to epithelium of large bowel
**Establish Infection:** acid stable (stomach); causes attaching & effacing lesions, dissolves microvilli & forms pedestals via type III secretion system
**Multiplication/Tissue Damage:** remains localized in intestine (doesn't cause bacteremia); shiga toxin damage cells by inhibiting protein synthesis
**Common Disease Types:** local damage: hemorrhagic colitis- bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain; systemic (damage kidney, brain): hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS): hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, renal failure
**Transmission**: undercooked meat, fresh produce (spinach)
**Host Defense:** mostly secretory issues not involving inflammatory response
**Other Notes:** only e coli that doesn’t ferment sorbitol; 0157:H7 serotype causes outbreaks; occurs in US!
**Diagnosis/treatment:** supportive treatment for HUS; thoroughly cook meet
170
description of mycobacteria tuberculosis
Description: acid fast rod; aerobe
171
*streptococcus agalactia*
aka Group B Strep
**Description:** gram positive cocci in chains, anaerobic
**Transmission:** in normal flora of vagina; spread to babies during delivery, can cause sepsis
-bacitracin resistant, B-hemolytic
172
vaccination for salmonella enterica
Vaccination: vaccination against typhoid fever (maybe 20% effective)
173
common disease types of bacteroides fragilis
Common Disease Types: endogenous infections ;bacterial vaginosis; but NOT increased susceptibility with immunodeficient states because part of normal internal flora; often cause putrid odor & gas (crepitus)
174
encounter/entry of francisella tularenis
Encounter/ Entry: no direct transmission between humans; ticks/rabbits- tick bite causes ulcer
175
encounter/entry of bacteroides fragilis
Encounter/ Entry: component of normal flora on skin ; enters epithelial/cutaneous barrier
176
common disease types of vibrio cholerae
Common Disease Types: toxin mediated diarrhea; wound infections; systemic infections in compromised host; toxin mediated diarrheal (rice water stool)-- hypokalemia & met. acidosis; wound infections; can get other infections from raw shellfish-- sepsis, cutaneous bullae
177
description of listeria monocytogenes
Description: gram positive rod, cytoplasmic pathogen (intracellular)
178
transmission of francisella tularenis
Transmission: occurs in many animals (main reservoir: rabbit); direct contact with infected mammals; bites of infectious arthropods-tick (dermacentor) (no person to person); can be aerosolized (warfare)
179
encounter/entry of campylobacter jejuni
Encounter/ Entry: zoonotic infections (fecal-oral); commensal of domestic animals' GI tract; foodborne especially in summer
180
how does mycobacteria tuberculosis establish infection
Establish Infection: lives within macrophage in alveoli- don't allow phago-lysosome fusion; slow-growing within macrophages (no symptoms yet)
181
description of clostridium tetani
Description: gram positive, rod, anaerobe, neurotoxic exotoxin + spores
182
how does corynebacterium diphtheriae cause infection?
Infection: colonizes pharyngeal epithelium
183
host defense & yersinia pestis
Host Defense: inflammation suppressed by type III secretions
184
transmission of EHEC
EHEC: enterohemorrhagic e coli
Transmission: undercooked meat, fresh produce (spinach)
185
description of chlamydia pneumoniae
Description: poor gram stain; obligate intracellular; spore-like infectious form
186
how does ETEC establish infection?
ETEC: enterotoxigenic e coli
Establish Infection: colonizes intestinal tract; toxin cause increased cAMP
187
how does vibrio cholerae establish infection?
Establish Infection: polar flagellae; adhesins allow adherence to intestinal mucosa; release enterotoxin, inserts into cell membrane, stimulates adenyl cyclase & increase cAMP (increase Cl secretion, causing secretions)
188
diagnosis/treatment of pseudomonas aeruginosa
Diagnosis/treatment: pip/tazo (maybe fluoroquinolones or aminoglycosides); has beta-lactamase (resistant to B-lactams); diagnosis via culture
189
host defense involved in mycobacterium leprae
Host Defense: 2 forms of leprosy solely based on host immune respone: tuberculoid form (pacudibacillary): few bacteria, abudant lymphocytes with well-formed granuloma vs lepromatous form (multibacillary) with numerous bacteria, few lymphocytes, without well-formed granuloma; inflammatory T cells & macrophages are critical host response
190
spread/damage due to clostridium tetani?
Spread/Damage: all of symptoms are due to toxin inhibitin interneurons & relaxation signals
191
shigella
**Description**: gram negative, facultative anaerobe (cytoplasmic pathogen), shiga toxin
**Encounter/ Entry:** enters cytoplasm, invade COLON epithelium & destroy (basolateral surface)
**Establish Infection:** invades M cell; not motile, taken into vacuole & dissolves- is in cytoplasm and invades neighbor cells
**Multiplication/Tissue Damage:** releases cytokines (type III secretion system); bloody/inflammatory diarrhea; shigatoxin inhibits translation (60s); inflammatory response
**Common Disease Types:** severe: dysentery, parallels Chrohn's (due to shigatoxin); \*most contagious bacterial diarrhea
**Transmission:** enteric bacteria; fecal-oral (person-person) \*most contagious bacterial diarrhea
**Other Notes:** acid stable (easily passes stomach); 95% identical to e coli (but lactose non-fermenter)
**Diagnosis/treatment:** stool culture; treat: fluid replacement, abx
192
how does chlamydia trachomatis multiply/cause tissue damage
Multiplication/Tissue damage: type III secretion; induce inflammation
193
host defense with ETEC
ETEC: enterotoxigenic e coli
Host Defense: develop immune response to the heat labile toxin; if in endemic area- can form immunity
194
atherosclerosis and chlamydia pneumoniae
Notes: epidemiological association with atherosclerosis
195
*clostridium difficile*
**Description:** gram positive rod, anaerobic, tissue-damaging exotoxin, spore-forming
**Encounter:** part of normal flora of intestine; often less competition when normal flora wiped out by abx
**Infection:** toxin kills epithelium
**Spread/damage:** sloughing of epithelium & pseudomembranes (pseudomembranous colitis
**Detection:** toxin in feces
**Treatment:** discontinue first abx, administer vanco or metronidazole
196
197
how does klebsiella establish infection?
Establish Infection: capsule (K antigen), immotile; diverse antigens
198
transmission of vibrio cholerae
Transmission: environmental- survive in fresh and salt water; bile salt resistant, oxidase positive, halophilic -- survives as colony (biofilm) in environment
199
transmission of legionella pneumonphila
Transmission: outbreaks (Classic Legionaire's in 1976)
200
description of corynebacterium diphtheriae?
Description: gram positive rod, anaerobe, AB exotoxin; no spores
201
*borrelia burgdorferi*
**Description**: spirochete
**Encounter**: lives within ticks, come from mice or deer, enter via tick bite
**Establish Infection:** endoflagellum allows penetration of endothelium; motile; penetrate blood vessels
**Multiplication/Tissue Damage:** binds to plasminogen; inhibits complement; disseminates through blood stream (induces inflammatory response)
**Disease Types:** LYME DISEASE; characteristic target rash- erythema migrans; neurologic symptoms (Bell’s Palsy, confusion)
**Transmission:** deer/mice to tick à humans; can pass transplacentally (congenital)
**Host Defense:** complement activated, chemokines released by skin cells, antibody response (against surface lipoproteins—helps with diagnosis); phase variation can occur in lipoproteins
**Diagnosis/Treatment:** diagnosis through clinical presentation & serology; treatment with doxy, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone
202
vaccination of neisseria meningitidis
Vaccination: vaccine (type B capsule not included)
203
how does neisseria meningitidis establish infection?
Establish Infection: mucosal colonization in pharynx, spread systemically & to lower respiratory tract & can cross blood-brain barrier (meningitis); capsule; makes IgA protease; iron acquisition
204
description of helicobacter pylori
Description: gram negative comma (curved rod); facultative anaerobe with cytotoxins
205
206
description of clostridium perfringins
Description: gram positive rod, anaerobe, tissue damaging exotoxin, spore forming
\*only clostridium with a capsule
207
how is the host defense involved in treponema pallidum infection
Host Defense: can evade immunity (waxy coat); induces prostaglandin E2; resists phagocutosis
cause of syphilis
208
treatment for clostridium difficile?
Treatment: discontinue first abx, administer vanco or metronidazole
209
how is borrelia burgdorferi encountered?
Encounter: lives within ticks, come from mice or deer, enter via tick bite
cause of Lyme Disease
210
how does haemophilus influenzae encounter host?
Encounter: mucosal colonization in nasopharynx via respiratory secretion droplets
211
multiplication/tissue damage of rickettsia rickettsi
Multiplication/tissue damage: infection of endothelial cell, spread to neighboring cells- affected blood vessels hemorrhage
212
how does haemophilus influenzae infect host?
Infection: attaches to epithleium, uses IgA protease to fend off immune response, LPS initiates immue response, capsule protects
213
diagnosis/treatment of mycobacteria TB
Diagnosis/treatment: diagnose: TST or blood test, CXR; positive skin test if T cell is responding to TB-- give induration; all patients with active TB should be offered directly observed therapy (DOT) because partial treatment leads to resistance; treatment: RIPE (rifampin, isoniazid, pyraxinamide, ethambutol); INH for latent TB
214
diagnosis & treatment of neisseria meningitidis
Diagnosis/treatment: prohylaxis of exposed (abx- rifampin) can be preventive; treatment with ceftriaxone
215
other notes about shigella
Other Notes: acid stable (easily passes stomach); 95% identical to e coli (but lactose non-fermenter)
216
EIEC (enteroinvasive e. coli)
**Description**: gram negative rod, facultative anaerobe, no toxins
**Encounter/ Entry:** not motile, lactose negative, binds to shigella antigens, contains virulence plasmid
**Common Disease Types:** diarrhea, fever, dysentery
**Other Notes:** think of as less virulent shigella
217
multiplication/damage from bacillus anthracis
Multiplication/Tissue Damage: toxin Edema Factor: increase cAMP, cause edema and inhibit phagocytosis; Lethal Factor acts as protease; causes necrosis (seen in eshcar)
218
common disease types of rickettsia rickettsi
Common Disease Types: headache, fever, vasculitis; Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever: rash (due to hemorrhage) spreads from limbs to central; myalgias; disseminated coagulopathy
219
transmission of bacteroides fragilis
Transmission: normal flora of GI tract; somewhat in female genital tract
220
diagnosis/treatment of francisella tularenis
Diagnosis/treatment: treat: aminoglycoside (streptomycin)
221
multiplication/tissue damage of psuedomonas aeruginosa
Multiplication/Tissue Damage: biofilm production (antiphagocytosis); proteases; can get to bone & joint ; membrane damaging toxins
222
diagnosis & treatment for shigella
Diagnosis/treatment: stool culture; treat: fluid replacement, abx
223
other notes about pseudomonas aeruginosa
Other Notes: produces blue/green pigment & fruity odor; affects diabetics, burn victims, IV drug users; catheter/UTI infections; hot tub folliculitis; ecythema gangrenosum
224
encounter/entry of klebsiella
Encounter/ Entry: often intro by medical manipulation (IV, cath); normal GI flora
225
how does bacillus anthracis establish infection
Establish Infection: capsule (poly D glutamic- protein); 3-part protein toxin (both toxins have to be present): protective factor, edema factor (increase cAMP), lethal factor --\> works anti-inflammatory response
226
multiplication/damage of chlamydia pneumoniae
Multiplication/damage: type III secretion; induce inflammation
227
common disease types of EHEC
EHEC: enterohemorrhagic e coli
Common Disease Types: local damage: hemorrhagic colitis- bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain; systemic (damage kidney, brain): hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS): hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, renal failure
228
how does neisseria gonorrhoae establish infection
Establish Infection: mucosal colonization (women)-attaches to columnar epithelial in cervix ; ascends from cervix (women have higher risk of ascendance)
229
Disease types associated with treponema pallidum
Disease Types: SYPHILLIS: chancre ulcer; years after initial infection: chronic infection; gummas; condyloma lata
cause of syphilis
230
enctounter/entry of legionella pneumophila
Encounter/Entry: natural parasite of protozoa; inhaled from environmental source (contaminated water aerosolized)
231
other notes about neisseria meningitids
Other Notes: growth on VPN agar & chocolate agar' oxidase positive
232
encounter/entry of mycobacteria tuberculosis
Encounter/ Entry: infectious aerosols, reach alveoli; interacts with alveolar macrophage
233
multiplication/tissue damage of vibrio cholerae
Multiplication/Tissue Damage: enterotoxin ; biofilm; adhesins
234
how does clostridium perfringens spread/cause damage?
Spread/Damage: toxin continues to kill tissue (gas gangrene develops); toxin can form short term food poisoning
235
Immunization for haemophilus influenzae?
Immunization: capsular conjugate vaccine (to form antibodies to type B capsule); bound to diphtheria toxoid vaccine
236
encounter/entry of ETEC
ETEC: enterotoxigenic e coli
Encounter/ Entry: contaminated food/water; adheres to epithelium via pili
237
multiplication/damage of brucella
Multiplication/damage: noncaseating granulomas; can cause systemic disease; spreads through RES
238
common disease types of mycobacterium leprae
Common Disease Types: Leprosy ( Hansen's Disease): tuberculoid leprosy: well demarcated hairless lesions/plaques- small amts of bacteria; well formed granulomas; lepromatous leprosy: glove & stocking neuropathy (in extremities);lesions on extensor surfaces- large amts of bacteria; leonine facies
239
common disease types of ETEC
ETEC: enterotoxigenic e coli
Common Disease Types: "traveler's" diarrhea; watery diarrhea; self-limited
240
bartonella henselae
**Description:** gram negative (but need silver stain to visualize)
**Pathology:** cat scratch disease: fever, axial lymphnodes; bacillary angiometosis: fevers, chills, HA; raised red vascular lesions; both caused by cat scratch
241
common disease types of mycobacteria tuberculosis
Common Disease Types: TB; Many outcomes after infection (infection is not the same as active disease): Acute Infection (pre-symptomatic); stable control of infection (latent) (never symptoms, skin test positive- Cell-mediated immunity-CD4T cells & granuloma); primary disease (pathology after months); latent can be reactivated;Miliary TB disseminated to body, lesions look like millet seeds) ;active TB (caseous necrosis of granuloma)
242
transmission of neisseria gonorrhoeae
Transmission: human only host (asymptomatic infection possible); sexually transmitted
243
how to diagnose a clostridium difficile infection?
Detection: toxin in feces
244
how is streptococcus pyogenes spread/cause damage?
Spread/Damage: skin infection remains localized; deep infections spread quickly-- M proteins & hyaluronic acid capsule prevent phagocytosis; beta-hemolysis
245
*treponema pallidum*
**Description:** no gram stain (although seen with dark staining); spirochete
E**ncounter/Entry:** human is only known host—enters mucous membranes or small abrasions in skin via sexual contact
**Establish infection:** local infection (primary syphilis); motile
**Multiplication/spread:** infection can spread systemically; lipoproteins induce cytokines (damage caused is due to inflammatory respone)
**Disease Types:** SYPHILLIS: chancre ulcer; years after initial infection: chronic infection; gummas; condyloma lata
**Transmission:** human-human; close sexual contact; can transmit mother-fetus if mother has bacteremia
**Host Defense:** can evade immunity (waxy coat); induces prostaglandin E2; resists phagocutosis
**Diagnosis:** through PCN
246
EAEC: enteroaggregative e. coli
**Description**: gram negative, rod, facultative anaerobe, no toxins
**Encounter/ Entry:** fimbriae, serine protease , puts dispersin coat on host cells
**Establish Infection:** _stacked brick pattern_ of adherence to epithelial cells
**Common Disease Types:** can systemically cause HUS ; "traveler's diarrhea;" diarrhea in HIV patients ; inflammatory diarrhea
**Other Notes:** often found with traveler's diarrhea; recently discovered
247
other notes about francisella tularenis
Other Notes: a lot on Martha's Vineyard (often associated with yardworkers- survive in soil/animal carcas-- if run over with lawnmower, can aerosolize)
248
how does streptococcus pyogenes infect?
Infection: M protein promotes adherence extracellularly, colonizes
249
description of escherichia coli
Description: gram negative rod; facultative anaerobe; LPS exotoxin \*\*serotyping antigens is helpful for pathogenic straings (antigens: O, H, K)
250
how does bacteroides fragilis establish infection?
Establish Infection: synergy in polymicrobial infections; often form abscesses
251
K1 e. coli
**Description**: (E COLI) gram negative rod, facultative anaerobe
**Establish Infection:** identical K1 capsule as group B meningococcal
**Common Disease Types**: can pass to fetus to cause neonatal meningitis & bacteremia
**Transmission**: many women carry K1 in vaginal tract
252
Transmission of neisseria meningitidis
Transmission: human only host (asymptomatic carriage), easily spread in close quarters
253
other notes about ETEC
ETEC: enterotoxigenic e coli
Other Notes: like less virulent v. cholerae (heat-labile toxin)
254
bacillus anthracis
**Description**: gram positive rods (in chains); obligate aerobe; spore-former (2 toxins: Lethal Factor & Edema Factor); since makes spores-- biothreat
**Encounter/ Entry:** no direct transmission between humans; only spores can inititate infection (via ingestion, inhalation or thru skin breaks)
E**stablish Infection:** capsule (poly D glutamic- protein); 3-part protein toxin (both toxins have to be present): protective factor, edema factor (increase cAMP), lethal factor --\> works anti-inflammatory response
**Multiplication/Tissue Damage**: toxin Edema Factor: increase cAMP, cause edema and inhibit phagocytosis; Lethal Factor acts as protease; causes necrosis (seen in eshcar)
**Common Disease Types:** 3 forms of anthrax: cutaneous: rarely fatal; eschar/lesions; gastrointestinal:intestinal hemorrhage inhalation: associated with sheep wool (Wool Sorter's Disease); high mortality; widened mediastinum on CXR; hemorrhagic mediastinitis, hemorrhagic meningitis
**Transmission**: normal pathogen of grazing ungulates (encountered in soil)-- cause a lot of bleeding so that in nature, can exit host as blood & sporulate; \*\*can be aerosolized (biothreat)
**Host Defense:** inflammation suppressed
**Diagnosis/treatment:** abx for cutaneous; diffucult to treat pulmonary (fluoroquinolones, doxy)
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how does rickettsia rickettsi establish infection
Establish Infection: pathogen of endothelium- spread by ticks, lysis of vascular endothelium (lead to leaky vessels), use host actin to provide motility & transfer to other cells
256
transmission of enterococcus
Transmission: part of normal fecal flora of humans & animals; often spread by healthcare workers
\*VRE (vancomycin resistant enterococci) has been established
-bile resistant
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encounter/entry of helicobacter pylori
Encounter/ Entry: commensal of human stomach
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transmission of helicobacter pylori
Transmission: pathogen/commensal of human stomach (pylorus); gastric-oral/fecal-oral/oral-oral
259
description of bordetella pertussis
Description: gram negative coccobacillus, aerobe, 3 exotoxins: pertussis toxin, adenylate cyclase; tracheal cytotoxin
260
*streptococcus pyogenes*
aka: Group A Strep
**Description:** gram positive cocci in chains, no spores, anaerobe, exotoxins
**Encounter:** person-person via droplets
**Infection:** M protein promotes adherence extracellularly, colonizes
**Spread/Damage:** skin infection remains localized; deep infections spread quickly-- M proteins & hyaluronic acid capsule prevent phagocytosis; beta-hemolysis
**Transmission:** lives on human skin & in mucous membranes
**Treatment:** penicillin, beta lactams, clinda, macrolides
* Pyogenic Infections:* impetigo, pharyngitis, cellulitis, erysypilis
* Toxigenic effects (streptogenic exotoxin):* scarlet fever, strep TSS, necrotizing fasciitis
* Complications after infection:* Rheumatic Fever, glomerulonephritis
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common disease types of bacillus anthracis
Common Disease Types: 3 forms of anthrax: cutaneous: rarely fatal; eschar/lesions; gastrointestinal:intestinal hemorrhage inhalation: associated with sheep wool (Wool Sorter's Disease); high mortality; widened mediastinum on CXR; hemorrhagic mediastinitis, hemorrhagic meningitis
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*clostridium perfringens*
**Description:** gram positive rod, anaerobe, tissue damaging exotoxin, spore forming
*\*only clostridium with a capsule*
**Encounter:** contamination of wound (especially after abdominal surgery)
**Infection:** alpha toxin hydrolyzes cell membranes
**Spread/Damage:** toxin continues to kill tissue (gas gangrene develops); toxin can form short term food poisoning
**Transmission:** common in soil, intestinal flora
**Treatment:** debridement, hyperbaric chamber
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encounter/entry of brucella
Encounter/entry: ingestion (usually unpasteurized dairy product)/direct contact with animal
264
encounter/entry of yersinia pestis
Encounter/ Entry: human-human when aerosolized; bite of infected fleas (vector/arthropod)
265
how does campylobacter jejuni affect host defense
Host Defense: resistant to antibodies & complement
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how does clostridium botulinum spread/cause damage?
Spread/Damage: all pathogenic effects are due to botulinum toxin (inhibits nerve conduction at cholinergic synapses)-- flaccid paralysis
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multiplicaiton/tissue damage from francisella tularenis
Multiplication/Tissue Damage: enters through ulcer, goes into macrophages, goes thru lymph to RES organs & causes granulomas with caseating necrosis (palpable lymph nodes)
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transmission of staph epidermidis
Transmission: normal skin flora
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transmission of salmonella enterica
Transmission: enteric bacteria (colonizer) - but NOT component of human normal flora; food-human (can be human-human)
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how does borrelia burgdorferi cause damage/spread?
Multiplication/Tissue Damage: binds to plasminogen; inhibits complement; disseminates through blood stream (induces inflammatory response)
cause of Lyme Disease
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transmission of clostridium perfringens?
Transmission: common in soil, intestinal flora
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*Neisseria meningitidis*
**Description**: gram negative diplococcic, facultative intracellular
**Encounter/ Entry:** human only host; enter through upper respiratory tract(requires close contact) ; pili and opa mediated attachment
**Establish Infection:** mucosal colonization in pharynx, spread systemically & to lower respiratory tract & can cross blood-brain barrier (meningitis); capsule; makes IgA protease; iron acquisition
**Multiplication/Tissue Damage:** inflammation--\> leaky capillaries; meningococcemia; meningitis, bacteremia;able to survive in bloodstream; can lead to shock; phase & antigenic variation
C**ommon Disease Types:** asymptomatic carriers spread the disease; Waterhouse-Friederichson Syndrome (adrenal hemorrhage); common to see petichiae rash (due to hemorrhage); one of principle bacterial agents of CNS disease; can cause otitis media, conjunctivitis,s eptic arthritis, urethritis, purulent pericarditis
**Transmission**: human only host (asymptomatic carriage), easily spread in close quarters
**Other Notes:** growth on VPN agar & chocolate agar' oxidase positive
**Diagnosis/treatment:** prohylaxis of exposed (abx- rifampin) can be preventive; treatment with ceftriaxone
**Vaccination**: vaccine (type B capsule not included)
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description of brucella
Description: gram negative, coccobacillus, facultative intracellular
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encounter/entry of bacillus anthracis
Encounter/ Entry: no direct transmission between humans; only spores can inititate infection (via ingestion, inhalation or thru skin breaks)
275
how does clostridium difficile infect?
Infection: toxin kills epithelium
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transmission of listeria monocytogenes
Transmission: can contaminate refrigerated food (milk, soft cheese, meat); also in stool
277
common disease types of salmonella enterica
Common Disease Types: gastroenteritis (salmonellosis)- most common foodborne illness in US-inflammatory diarrhea (leukocytes in stool), enteric (typhoid) fever-- only human-human pathogen, rose spots; sustained bacteremia (vascular infection), often in aorta; #1 cause of osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease; pea soup diarrhea
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how does mycoplasma pneumoniae multiply/cause damage?
Multiplication/tissue damage: no capacity for invasive disease; blocks ciliary action; mononuclear (monocyte) infiltrate – typical pneumonia show neutrophil infiltrate ;IgM Cold agglutinins
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treatment of EHEC
Diagnosis/treatment: supportive treatment for HUS; thoroughly cook meet
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description of staphlococcus epidermidis
Description: gram positive, clusters of cocci
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Encounter/entry of chlamydia pneumoniae
Encounter/Entry: aerosols from coughing
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Other notes regarding chlamydia trachomatis
Notes: bacteria exist as elementary (transmissable/infectious) form and reticular form (replicative within cells); cell wall lacks muramic acid
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transmission of streptococcus agalactia
Transmission: in normal flora of vagina; spread to babies during delivery, can cause sepsis
-bacitracin resistant, B-hemolytic
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*clostridium tetani*
**Description:** gram positive, rod, anaerobe, neurotoxic exotoxin + spores
**Encounter:** infection via contamination of wound
**Infection:** tissue damage/anaerobic encourages germination & growth
\*\*spastic paralysis, lockjaw, opisthotonis
**Spread/Damage:** all of symptoms are due to toxin inhibitin interneurons & relaxation signals
**Transmission:** common in soil, spores survive for years
**Immunization:** Tdap toxoid
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multiplication/tissue damage of shigella
Multiplication/Tissue Damage: releases cytokines (type III secretion system); bloody/inflammatory diarrhea; shigatoxin inhibits translation (60s); inflammatory response
286
common disease types of francisella tularenia
Common Disease Types: tularemia; variable based on route of transmission; fever, chills, fatigue, HA, sore joints, diarrhea, lymphadenopathy
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how does staphylococcus aureus spread & cause damage?
Damage/Spread: B-hemolysis, IgG binding protein A in cell wall; secretes antigens
\*\*catalase positive, coagulase positive (latex assay, clumping factor, Protein A)
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description of treponema pallidum
Description: no gram stain (although seen with dark staining); spirochete
cause of syphilis
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transmission of corynebacterium diphtheriae
Transmission: only reservoir: throat of man
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how does streptococcus pneumoniae infect host?
Infection: antiphagogenic capsule, alpha hemolysis, pneumolysis breaks pore in host tissue
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diagnosis/treatment for bacillus anthracis
Diagnosis/treatment: abx for cutaneous; diffucult to treat pulmonary (fluoroquinolones, doxy)
292
multiplication/tissue damage of e coli
Multiplication/Tissue Damage: #1 cause UTI, #1cause gram negative sepsis; neonatal meningitis due to bacteremia in infants
293
diagnosis/treatment of neisseria gonorrhoea
Diagnosis/treatment: ceftriaxone (but also administer macrolide or doxy to cover chlamydia too)
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*mycobacterium leprae*
**Description:**gram positive & acid fast (mycolic acid in waxy coat) rod; aerobe
**Encounter/ Entry:** human-human; nasal secretions
**Establish Infection:** tuberculoid leprosy: within macrophages (strong TH1 response); lepromatous leprosy: (TH2 cells involved)bacteria not maintained in macrophage
**Common Disease Types:** Leprosy ( Hansen's Disease): tuberculoid leprosy: well demarcated hairless lesions/plaques- small amts of bacteria; well formed granulomas; lepromatous leprosy: glove & stocking neuropathy (in extremities);lesions on extensor surfaces- large amts of bacteria; leonine facies
**Transmission:** human-human; nasal secretions; main reservoir is the armadillo in the US, grows in footpads of immunodeficient mice too
**Host Defense:** 2 forms of leprosy solely based on host immune respone: tuberculoid form (pacudibacillary): few bacteria, abudant lymphocytes with well-formed granuloma vs lepromatous form (multibacillary) with numerous bacteria, few lymphocytes, without well-fromed granuloma; inflammatory T cells & macrophages are critical host response
**Other Notes:** thrives in cold temps (explains why it favors extremities)
**Diagnosis/treatment:** lepromin skin test; treatment: multidrug therapy tuberculoid: dapsone & rifampin 6 months; lepromatous: these 2 + clofazamine for 2-3 years
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how does shigella establish infection?
Establish Infection: invades M cell; not motile, taken into vacuole & dissolves- is in cytoplasm and invades neighbor cells
296
transmission of haemophilus influenzae
Transmission: human only known host (aerosol transmission)
297
how does treponema pallidum multiply/spread?
Multiplication/spread: infection can spread systemically; lipoproteins induce cytokines (damage caused is due to inflammatory response)
cause of syphilis
298
common disease types of e coli
Common Disease Types: E coli is most frequent cause of UTI (UPEC species); also cause neonatal meningitis
299
other notes about klebsiella
Other Notes: mutli-drug resistance (some produce extended spectrum beta lactamase ESBL); ferment lactose; urease positive
300
how does salmonella enterica establish infection
Establish Infection: invades epithelium via membrane ruffles & type III secretion system; remains in phagosomes; capsule, motile
301
multiplication/damage from listeria monocytogenes
Multiplication/Tissue Damage: damage due to host resposne; spread via blood & macrophages
302
how does legionella penumohpila establish infection
Establish Infection: establishes niche in lung; interacts & grows within macrophage in alveoli; modifies phagosome (delays phagosome/lysosome fusion)
303
description of borrelia burgdorferi
Description: spirochete
cause of Lyme Disease
304
description of legionella pneumophila
Description: gram negative (need silver stain to see); bacillus
305
francisella tularenis
**Description**: gram negative coccobacillus, facultative intracellular; \*\*biothreat
**Encounter/ Entry:** no direct transmission between humans; ticks/rabbits- tick bite causes ulcer
**Establish Infection:** short survival in air but low dose required for infection; highly invasive
**Multiplication/Tissue Damage**: enters through ulcer, goes into macrophages, goes thru lymph to RES organs & causes granulomas with caseating necrosis (palpable lymph nodes)
**Common Disease Types**: _tularemia_; variable based on route of transmission; fever, chills, fatigue, HA, sore joints, diarrhea, lymphadenopathy
**Transmission**: occurs in many animals (main reservoir: rabbit); direct contact with infected mammals; bites of infectious arthropods-tick (dermacentor) (no person to person); can be aerosolized (warfare)
**Host Defense:** cell-mediated immunity (T cells) necessary to clear intracellular infection
**Other Notes:** a lot on Martha's Vineyard (often associated with yardworkers- survive in soil/animal carcas-- if run over with lawnmower, can aerosolize)
**Diagnosis/treatment:** treat: aminoglycoside (streptomycin)
306
how is streptococcus pyogenes encountered?
Encounter: person-person via droplets
307
*haemophilus influenzae*
(most importantly: encapsulated type B- Hib)
**Description:** gram negative coccobacillus
**Encounter:** mucosal colonization in nasopharynx via respiratory secretion droplets
**Infection:** attaches to epithleium, uses IgA protease to fend off immune response, LPS initiates immue response, capsule protects
**Spread/Damage;** local infection: sinusitis, otitis media, epiglottitis
systemic: capsule, LPS causes proinflammatory damage (most damage due to inflammatory response)
**Transmission:** human only known host (aerosol transmission)
**Immunization:** capsular conjugate vaccine (to form antibodies to type B capsule); bound to diphtheria toxoid vaccine
**Treatment:** beta lactams (rifampic for prophylaxis for close contacts)
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notes about EIEC
enteroinvasive e coli
Other Notes: think of as less virulent shigella
309
other important points with legionella pneumophila
Other notes: oxidase positive; 2 forms: exponential phase (nonvirulent, just growing); post-exponential phase (virulent)
310
common disease types of brucella
Common disease types: undulant fever; anorexia, liver & splenic involvement; osteomyeltis;
311
*legionelle pneumonphila*
**Description**: gram negative (need silver stain to see); bacillus
**Encounter/Entry:** natural parasite of protozoa; inhaled from environmental source (contaminated water aerosolized)
**Establish Infection:** establishes niche in lung; interacts & grows within macrophage in alveoli; modifies phagosome (delays phagosome/lysosome fusion)
**Multiplication/Tissue Damage:** elicits intense host response (immune mediated damage); type IV secretion system; doesn't spread outside of lung
**Common Disease Types:** Legionaires: walking pneumonia, patchy CXR with consolidation in one lobe, paired with diarrhea, hyponatremia, neuro symptoms (HA/confusion); pontiac fever
**Transmission:** outbreaks (Classic Legionaire's in 1976)
**Host Response:** host response/ inflammation is much of damage
**Other notes:** oxidase positive; 2 forms: exponential phase (nonvirulent, just growing); post-exponential phase (virulent)
Treatment/Diagnosis: urine antigen tests for dx; often treat upon suspicion; macrolides, fluoroquinolone
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common disease types of pseudomonas aeruginosa
Common Disease Types: otitis externa, hot tub dermatitis/folliculitis, endocarditis (esp IV drug users); keratitis, bone & joint infections; CF much more susceptible; NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS; sneaker osteomyelitis (especially in diabetic); often complication of burn injuries; number one cause of nosicomial pneumonia; respiratory failure in CF
313
how does pseudomonas aeruginosa establish infection?
Establish Infection: capsule & tight outer membrane; toxin ribosylates target- inhibits protein synthesis; type III secretions
314
transmission of ETEC
ETEC: enterotoxigenic e coli
Transmission: enteric bacteria; transmitted via water (Mexico)
315
how is staph epidermidis encountered
Encounter: normal skin flora (only pathogenic if on foreign body)
316
how is host defense involved in neisseria gonorrhea infection
Host Defense: barriers of cervical infection: cervical canal, mucus plug, hormones
317
encounter/entry of shigella
Encounter/ Entry: enters cytoplasm, invade COLON epithelium & destroy (basolateral surface)
318
multiplication/tissue damage of helicobacter pylori
Multiplication/Tissue Damage: persistent infection (infeced for decades); urease; non-inflammatory LPS sometimes
319
description of streptococcus agalactiae
aka Group B Strep
Description: gram positive cocci in chains, anaerobic
320
diagnosis/treatment of vibrio cholerae
Diagnosis/treatment: Therapy: REHYDRATE (fluid & K loss; glucose & Na); IV Ringer sol'n; Abx: tetracycline & fluoroquinolones
321
common disease types of helicobacter pylori
Common Disease Types: chronic gastritis, cause of most duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer; risk for gastric adenocarcinoma & MALToma
322
treatment of chlamydia penumoniae
Treatment: doxy
323
cother notes about rickettsia rickettsi
Other notes: geography plays a role- most prevalent in southeast US
324
how does clostridium botulinum infect?
Infection: most cases, no live bacteria involved
(ingestion)
325
host defense involved in EHEC infection
EHEC: enterohemorrhagic e coli
Host Defense: mostly secretory issues not involving inflammatory response
326
327
encounter/entry of vibrio cholerae
Encounter/ Entry: contaminated water/food; fecal-oral
328
description of Klebsiella
Description: gram negative rod
329
description of enterococcus
aka Group D Strep
Description: gram positive, cocci that form short chain, anaerobic
330
common disease types of campylobacer jejuni
Common Disease Types: boody diarrheal disease, gastroenteritis, post-infectious sequelae: Guillain-Barre syndrome (demyelination of nerves-- ascending paralysis), reactive arthritis
331
common symptoms of EIEC
EIEC: enteroinvasive e. coli
Common Disease Types: diarrhea, fever, dysentery
332
transmission of psuedomonas aeruginosa
Transmission: thrives in aquatic environments; found in soil; occasionally on skin: ear canal; hot tubs, sneakers
333
encounter/entry of e. coli
Encounter/ Entry: fecal-oral; doesn't enter cytoplasm; pili, hemolysin,
334
*clostridium botulinum*
**Description:** gram positive rod, anaerobic, neurotoxic exotoxin, spore-forming
**Encounter:** infants: spores in food (honey); adults: toxin in food (canned or seafood)
**Infection:** most cases, no live bacteria involved
**Spread/Damage:** all pathogenic effects are due to botulinum toxin (inhibits nerve conduction at cholinergic synapses)-- flaccid paralysis
**Transmission:** ingested
335
multiplication/damage of EHEC
EHEC: enterohemorrhagic e coli
Multiplication/Tissue Damage: remains localized in intestine (doesn't cause bacteremia); shiga toxin damage cells by inhibiting protein synthesis
336
description of streptococcus pyogenes
aka: Group A Strep
Description: gram positive cocci in chains, no spores, anaerobe, exotoxins
337
encounter/entry of mycobacterium leprae
Encounter/ Entry: human-human; nasal secretions
338
other notes about vibrio cholerae
Other Notes: bile salt resistant (able to survive in GI tract); oxidase positive
339
description of rickettsia ricketsii
Description: gram negative (but poorly stained), coccobacillus, obligate intracellular
340
multiplication/tissue damage of legionella pneumophila
Multiplication/Tissue Damage: elicits intense host response (immune mediated damage); type IV secretion system; doesn't spread outside of lung
341
multiplication/tissue damage of salmonella enterica
Multiplication/Tissue Damage: strong inflammatory response & type III secretions; recruit neutrophils); thypoid: seeding of gall bladder --\> common shedding/infection
342
how is streptococcus pyogenes trasnmitted?
Transmission: lives on human skin & in mucous membranes
