Bacteria & Fungi

Question 1

Coccus

Answer 1

spherical

Question 2

Bacillus

Answer 2

rod-shaped

Question 3

Spiral

Answer 3

spiral

Question 4

Gram +

Answer 4

bacteria have simple cell walls > peptidoglycan

Question 5

Gram -

Answer 5

bacteria have cell walls < peptidoglycan, but more lipopolysaccharides

Question 6

Peptidoglycan

Answer 6

what bacterial cell walls are composed of

- structural carbohydrate composed of sugar cross-linked with short polypeptides

Question 7

Photoautotroph

Answer 7

energy source: light

carbon source: CO2, HCO3-, or related compound

types of organisms: photosynthetic prokaryotes (for ex, cyanobacteria); plants; certain protists (for ex, algae)

Question 8

Photoheterotroph

Answer 8

energy source: light

carbon source: organic compounds

types of organisms: unique to certain aquatic & salt-loving prokaryotes (for ex, Rhodobacter, Chloroflexus)

Question 9

Chemoautotroph

Answer 9

energy source: inorganic chemicals (such as H2S, NH3, or Fe2+)

carbon source: CO2, HCO3-, or related compound

types of organisms: unique to certain prokaryotes (for ex, Sulfolobus)

Question 10

Chemoheterotroph

Answer 10

energy source: organic compounds

carbon source: organic compounds

types of organisms: many prokaryotes (for ex, Clostridium) & protists; fungi; animals; some plants

Question 11

Capsule

Answer 11

what the cell wall is surrounded by

• composed of polysaccharides &/or protein
• allows adherence to substrata or each other within the colony
• protects against desiccation & bacteriophages (viruses)

Question 12

Endospore

Answer 12

are types of resistant cells produced by prokaryotes to survive harsh environments

• bacterial cell replicates its DNA & surrounds it in a super resistant layer
• can survive boiling water (need extreme heat & pressure to kill)
• can remain dormant for centuries

Question 13

Microbiome

Answer 13

diverse nutritional modes allow diverse bacteria to inhabit the human gut (called our microbiome)

• contain approx. 10 trillion bacteria in our gut
• are mutualists –> break down food that we cannot
• we can absorb the nutrients they break down in exchange for our blood cells producing anti-microbial compounds to reduce competition & keep only the “good” bacteria

Question 14

Probiotic

Answer 14

we consume probiotics to help establish healthy populations of “good” bacteria

Question 15

Halophile

Answer 15

(an extremophile)

- “salt loving”, live in super haline (salty) places

Question 16

Thermophile

Answer 16

(an extremophile)

- “heat loving”, thermal vents, greysers, volcanic hot springs (think Yellowstone)

Question 17

Acidophile

Answer 17

(an extremophile)

- “acid loving”, human gut, volcanic features

Question 18

Methanogen

Answer 18

(many archea also leave in moderate environments)

• release methane
• found in marshes, cattle guts (cow farts)
• important decomposers in the environment

Question 19

Chitin

Answer 19

what fungi cell walls are composed of chitin

- nitrogen-containing polysaccharide

Question 20

Filamentous

Answer 20

d

Question 21

Hyphae

Answer 21

(sing. hypha) in fungi

- tiny tubular filaments surrounding the plasma membrane

Question 22

Septate

Answer 22

(1 of the 2 forms hyphae occurs in fungi)

- divided, allowing large macromolecules to pass b/t hyphal cells

Question 23

Coenocytic

Answer 23

(1 of the 2 forms hyphae occurs in fungi)

- lacking septa, with a continuous cytoplasmic mass

Question 24

Mycelium

Answer 24

(a structure within fungi)

- a mass of hyphae that maximizes SA: volume ratio

Question 25

Fruiting body

Answer 25

(a structure within fungi) | - reproductive structure

Question 26

Haplontic

Answer 26

(fungi alternate b/t sexual & asexual cycles in 3 main life stages) - dominantly haploid stage

Question 27

Plasmogamy

Answer 27

fusion of cytoplasms from parental mycelia

Question 28

Heterokaryon

Answer 28

when the fungus is in the dikaryotic stage, we say it is a heterokaryon since its mycelium contains 2 genetically different nuclei within its cytoplasm

Question 29

Dikaryotic

Answer 29

"2 nuclei", a transition stage b/t haplontic & diplontic

Question 30

Karyogamy

Answer 30

fusion of nuclei, thus completing fertilization

Question 31

Zygosporangium

Answer 31

produces the zygote (zygospore) ?

Question 32

Zygospore

Answer 32

s

Question 33

Mycorrhiza

Answer 33

are specialized fungi that form associations with plants

Question 34

Ascocarp

Answer 34

fruiting body (in the ascomycetes "sac fungi")

Question 35

Ascus

Answer 35

very specific location where these spores (ascospores) undergo meiosis - in Ascomycetes "Sac Fungi"

Question 36

Ascospores

Answer 36

sexual spores | - in Ascomycetes "Sac Fungi"

Question 37

Conidia

Answer 37

s

Question 38

Basidiocarp

Answer 38

fruiting body containing gills | - in Basidiomycetes "club fungi"

Question 39

Basidiospore

Answer 39

sexual spores | - in Basidiomycetes "club fungi"

Question 40

Mycobiont

Answer 40

s

Question 41

Photobiont

Answer 41

s

Question 42

Compare the basic characteristics of the 3 domains of life

Answer 42

s

Question 43

Illustrate how cell shape & cell wall structure can be used to differentiate bacteria

Answer 43

s

Question 44

Describe the nutritional diversity seen amongst the bacteria

Answer 44

s

Question 45

Explain how capsules & endospores benefit the bacteria that have/can make them

Answer 45

1. cell wall is surrounded by a CAPSULE - composed of polysaccharides &/or protein - allows adherence to substrata or each other within the colony - protects against desiccation & bacteriophages (viruses) 2. endospores are types of resistant cells produced by prokaryotes to survive harsh environments - bacterial cell replicates its DNA & surrounds it in a super resistant layer - can survive boiling waters (need extreme heat & pressure to kill) - can remain dormant for centuries

Question 46

Explain how the human microbiome is established

Answer 46

s

Question 47

a. Outline the benefits of a healthy microbiome

Answer 47

s

Question 48

Identify locations where you may find archaeans

Answer 48

g

Question 49

Explain the evidence of shared ancestry b/t the fungi & nucleariids

Answer 49

- nucleariids consist of amoebas that feed on algae & bacteria - DNA evidence suggests that animals are more related to another group of protists (choanoflagellates) than to either fungi or nucleariids - we can conclude then that multicellularity evolved INDEPENDENTLY in animals & fungi

Question 50

Describe the defining characteristics of the fungi

Answer 50

- there are approx. 100 000 species of identified fungi - could be up to 1.5 million species! - fungi can be single-celled, microscopic, filamentous or macroscopic - found in all habitats, both terrestrial & aquatic - fungi are the nutrient recyclers within the ecosystem, breaking down decaying organic matter

Question 51

Illustrate the typical fungus life cycle

Answer 51

- fungi reproduce via SPORES, which can be produced sexually (MEIOSPORES) or asexually (MITOSPORES) - fungi alternate b/t sexual & asexual cycles in 3 main life stages: - HAPLONTIC --> dominantly haploid stage - DIPLONTIC --> dominantly diploid stage - DIKARYOTIC --> "2 nuclei," a transition stage b/t haplontic & diplontic where PLASMOGAMY (fusion of cytoplasms from parental mycelia) has occured, but KARYOGAMY (fusion of nuclei, thus completing fertilization) has not - when the fungus is in the dikaryotic stage, we say it is a HETEROKARYON since its mycelium contains 2 genetically different nuclei within its cytoplasm

Question 52

a. Identify the major differences b/t the life cycles of the 5 major fungal phyla

Answer 52

g

Question 53

Construct a phylogenetic tree of the 5 fungal phyla discusses in this course

Answer 53

g

Question 54

a. Identify the best outgroup for this tree

Answer 54

g

Question 55

Describe the basic body plans for each of the 5 fungal phyla

Answer 55

g

Question 56

a. Illustrate the differences in sexual sporangia & spores

Answer 56

g

Question 57

b. Identify characters that are shared b/t related phyla

Answer 57

g

Question 58

Classify fungi into phyla based on specific characteristics provided in a photo or written description

Answer 58

g

Question 59

Illustrate the complex mutualistic relationship that is a lichen

Answer 59

g

Question 60

a. Identify what each member gives & gains from the relationship

Answer 60

g

Question 61

b. Describe the 3 forms of lichen growth

Answer 61

1. Fruticose - "shrublike" 2. Foliose - "leaflike" 3. Crustose - "encrusting"