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Bacteria II Flashcards

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1
Q

Staphylococcys aureus

A

non-motile Gram + cocci, beta hemolytic
catalase +, coagulase +, oxidase +
VF: TSST-1, enterotoxins, exfoliative toxins,
Protein A, Staphylokinase, hemolysins

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2
Q

Staph. aureus illnesses

A

Rare: Scalded Skin Syndrome, enterocolitis, osteomyelitis
Common: pneumonia, UTI,
also: septicemia, bronchitis, food poisoning, atopic dermatitis

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3
Q

Staphylococcus epidermidis

A 
gram + cocci, facultative anaerobe
non-hemolytic, Catalase +, Coagulase -, 
*opportunistic pathogen
--> biofilm
treatment: vancomycin
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4
Q

Bacillus anthracis

A

gram + rod, non-motile, spore-forming;
non-hemolytic,
* “medusa head” appearance
VF: polyD glutamic acid capsule, EF (edema factor), LF (lethal factor), PA (protective Ag)
transmission: aerosolized spores, direct contact (in soil), ingestion

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5
Q

Bacillus anthracis illness

A

eschars/lesions, Gram - shock (if ingested)

  • pulmonary anthrax: lethal! fever, non-prod. cough
  • cutaneous anthrax: papule -> ulcer -> eschar
  • GI anthrax: ulcers in throat, bull neck, respiratory failure
    treatment: tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, IVIG
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6
Q

Bacillus cereus

A

gram + rod, non-motile, spore-forming;
Hemolytic & stick together end-end.
transmission: aerosolized spores, traumatic implantation, or ingestion

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7
Q

Bacillus cereus illness

A 
#1: food poisoning --> diarrhea +/- vomiting; 
rare: necrotizing fasciitis

treatment: nothing

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8
Q

All mycobacteria (tuberculosis, bovis, leprae)

A

Acid fast rods w/ waxy outer coat,
non-motile, no spores, catalse +
VF: Wax D and mycobactin. (no capsule or toxins)
* + cord factor and tuberculin for M. tuberculosis*

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9
Q

Tuberculosis

A

from mycobacterium tuberculosis or bovis;

transmission: aerosols or direct contact,
- -> fever, granulomas, tissue damage/necrosis
treatment: HRZE (Isoniazid, Rifampin, pyraZinamide, Ethambutol), cycloserine, aminoglycosides, some quinolones
* MANY resistant strains!

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10
Q

Leprosy

A

from Mycobacterium leprae,
- Tuberculoid: few erythematous lesions, loss of sensation
- Lepromatous: (no more immune response) total loss of sensation –> limb loss, blindness, waxy nodular lesions
Treatment: #1 dapsone, & clofazimine, rifampin, thalidomide

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11
Q

streptococcus pyogenes (grp A)

A

gram + cocci, non-motile facultative anaerobe;
bacitracin sensitive, beta hemolytic, catalse -, lac +
VF:
- surface: M protein, C5a peptidase, hylal. capsule, IgA/G Fc BPs
- secreted: superAgs, Streptolysin O/S, streptokinase

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12
Q

Strep. pyogenes (grp A) illness

A

1: strep throat

Also: impetigo, scarlet fever, acute glomerulonephritis, TSS, rheumatic fever
Treatment: penicillin, azithromycin, clindamycin, IVIG for TSS

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13
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae (grp B)

A

gram + cocci,
beta hemolytic, catalse -
VF: polysac. capsule, C5a peptidase, surface proteins A/B

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14
Q

Strep agalactiae (grp B) illnesses

A

neonatal: meningitis, sepsis
Adults: pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, otitis media
- treatment: penicillin

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15
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

gram + cocci, aerotolerant anaerobe;
* part of normal flora
– optochin sensitive, catalase -, alpha hemolytic;
VF: polysac capsule, sIgA protease, pneumolysin, PspA

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16
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae illness

A

1: pneumonia

also: meningitis, endocarditis, otitis media
treatment: steroids (anti-inflam.) + antibiotics
* commonly penicillin-resistant

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17
Q

Clostridium tetani

A

gram + rod, spore forming (tennis racket-shaped), highly motile ANaerobe; Catalase -, oxidase -
VF: tetanospasmin (AB exotoxin), alpha toxin, alpha hemolysin
transmission: traumatic implantation of spores (ie: from soil)

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18
Q

tetanus

A

–> spastic paralysis, death from respiratory failure
Treatment: IGIV w/ toxin Ab, benzodiaszepines, control airway
Prevention: toxoid vaccine

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19
Q

Clostridium difficile

A

gram + rod, forms heat-resistant spores, Anaerobe;
Catalase -, oxidase - *nosocomial
VF: TcdA and TcdB toxins

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20
Q

Clostridium difficile illness

A
  • -> pseudomembranous colitis, severe diarrhea
  • when competing bacteria = wiped out by penicillin or clindamycin*
    treatment: fecal transplant
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21
Q

Clostridium botulinum

A

gram + rod, Anaerobe, forms heat-resistant spores;
catalase -, oxidase -;
VF: botulinum toxin –> cleaves synaptobrevin (blocks ACh binding to NMJ)

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22
Q

Botulism

A

–> hypotonia, weakness/paralysis, ptosis and diplopia, dry mouth
transmission: canned foods, honey (infants)
Treatment: antitoxin, ventilate, human/horse IVIG, no antibiotics

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23
Q

Bordatella Pertussis

A

non-motile gram - coccobacillus;
* diagnose w/ ELISA
VF: Adenylate cyclase toxin, pertussis toxin, FHA (fil. hemagglutinin), fimbrae & pertactin

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24
Q

Whooping cough/pertussis

A

caused by bordatella pertussis; = violent cough

transmission: aerosol
stages:
1. Catarrhal: infectious (1-2 wks) ==> erythromycin, ceftriaxone
2. Paroxysmal: cough, antibiotics don’t help
3. convalescent: secondary infections (3-4 wks)

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25
Haemophilus influenzae
gram - coccobacillus, facultative anaerobe; * HiB = most pathogenic serotype --- grows on chocolate agar VF: capsule, LOS, heme receptor, sIgA protease
26
Haemophilus influenzae illnesses
Childhood -- meningitis Adult -- bronchitis/pneumonia, otitis media, conjunctivitis Treatment: Cefuroxime, azithromycin, augmentin, trimeth/sulfam. Prevention: Hib vaccine
27
Neisseria meningitidis
gram - diplococcus, non-motile microaerophile; Oxidase +, VF: capsule -- blocks MAC, IgG and phagocytosis & endotoxin, IgA protease
28
meningitis (disease)
headache + fever, stiff neck, petechial rash, --> *DIC* and gram - shock Dx: cloudy, infected CSF; purpura transmission: saliva droplets treatment: Penicillin G, cephalosporins, dexamethasone, ** prophylactic Rifampin if exposed!
29
Neisseria gonorrhea
gram - diplococci, motile microaerophile; -- grows on chocolate agar, VF: pili, LOS, IgA protease, highly varying Ag
30
Gonorrhea
--> yellow, purulent discharge OR opthalmia neonatorum ** find diplococci IN PMNs! treatment: ceftriaxone + azithromycin rapid test: for Ags in discharge
31
Legionella
doesn't gram stain --> use Dieterle silver stain; motile w/ polar flagellum; = facultative intracellular pathogen. VF: MIP, DotA, LPS, endotoxin, beta-lactamase
32
Legionella illness
- - severe acute pneumonia: headache, high fever, diff. breath - - pontiac fever: mild, flu-like transmission: via aquatic amoebae treatment: none
33
listeria monocytogenes
gram + coccobacillus, motile (via actin), catalase + VF: internalin, listeriolysin O (escape phagosomes), actin motility (can move to infect more cells)
34
listeria monocytogenes illness
listeriosis, meningitis, neonatal sepsis, encephalitis! * mostly in immuno-compromised (ie: babies) transmission: contaminated dairy/produce, Vertical (mom-baby) treatment: Penicillin G, ampicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline
35
Heliobacter pylori
motile, gram - curved rods, microaerophilic; | VF: urease
36
Heliobacter pylori illness
nausea and abdominal pain, peptic ulcers + vomiting, bleeding; gastroenteritis, Cancers! (MALT lymphoma, gastric adenocarcinoma) Transmission: oral ingestion Treatment: triple therapy (2 antibiotics + proton pump) ** socioeconomic association, bacteria = present in most ppl**
37
Campylobacter spp.
motile gram - S-shaped rod, microaerophilic; nitrate reductase +, catalase +, oxidase + ** resistant to vancomycin, trimethoprim, polymyxin B** VF: LPS, adhesins
38
Campylobacter jejuni illness
C. jejuni: dysentery and self-limiting gastroenteritis, * Guillain-Barre = post-inf. complication transmission: fecal-oral (lamb castration) treatment: No antibiotic or macrolides
39
Campylobacter fetus illness
(rare) septicemia in newborns or immunocompromised, or miscarriage; transmission: fecal-oral/opportunist treatment: hydration and electrolyte replacement, no antibiotics
40
Shigella
gram - rod, only inter-cellular motility, non-spore forming; Lac -, oxidase -, facultative anaerobe. *intracellular*, 4 types of O Ag VF: shiga toxin (inactivates protein synth),
41
Shiga toxin mech.
depurinates 60S subunit of ribosome --> inactivate protein synthesis ==> Hemolytic uremic syndrome
42
Shigella illness
infects large intestine --> dysentery/bloody diarrhea (+/- pus); transmission: fecal-oral *low infectious dose! (flies, fomites, fingers, food, feces) Treatment: self-limiting, monitor dehydration
43
Salmonella
``` motile gram - rod, non-spore forming; Lac -, oxidase -, facultative intracellular pathogen, NOT part of normal flora. (invades B cells, PMNs, macrophages) VF: LPS ```
44
Salmonella illness
infects small intestine --> high fever, gram - shock, petechia (rose-colored), DIC (=typhoid fever); + gastroenteritis and sepsis transmission: fecal-oral, esp. via cheese! treatment: control shock, ampicillin or chloramphenicol for sepsis
45
Bugs causing food poisoning
Contaminated seafood: Vibrio spp. Reheated rice: Bacillus cerus Meats, mayonnaise, custard: S. aureus Reheated meat dishes: Clostridium perfringens Improperly canned foods: Clostridium botulinum Undercooked meat: E.Coli (EHEC, O157:H7) Poultry, meat, eggs: Salmonella
46
Vibrio cholerae
gram - curved rod, facultative anaerobe, highly motile; oxidase + (not enterobacteriaceae) VF: cholera toxin
47
Cholera toxin mechanism
(AB toxin) A binds to & activates Gs --> increase cAMP --> block Na+/K+ pump and hypersecrete K+, Cl- --> massive fluid loss into lumen ==> watery diarrhea
48
cholera (illness)
"rice-water diarrhea," hypovolemic shock, nausea, vomiting, cramps transmission: fecal-oral (H2O contamination) + algal blooms (seafood) treatment: fluid and electrolytes, no antibiotics
49
vibrio spp.
motile gram - curved rod, facultative anaerobe; a) parahaemolyticus: contam. shellfish --> diarrhea, self-limiting b) vulnificus: diarrhea, + cellulitis --> sepsis (lethal)
50
Escherichia coli
motile gram - rod, fac. anaerobe, *extracellular pathogen* Lac + (pink on Mac plate) VF: LPS, Shiga-like toxin (ADP ribosylation)
51
E. coli illnesses
gram - shock, UTIs, neonatal meningitis - ETEC: traveler's diarrhea/cholera - EIEC: bloody diarrhea - EHEC: copious bloody diarrhea, Hemolytic uremic syndrome - EPEC: watery/bloody diarrhea * treat w/ trimeth/sulfameth! Transmission: fecal-oral, endogenous treatment: peptobismol
52
Francisella tularensis
gram - rod, fac. intracellular pathogen (macrophages); grows slowly on BAP, VF: antiphagocytic capsule, --> host cell apoptosis endotoxin --> gram - shock
53
tularemia illness
(by francisella tularensis) high fever, headache, lymphadenopathy, conjunctivitis (~typhoid) transmission: infected rabbit contact, tick/deerfly/mosquito bites treatment: aminoglycosides (or ciprofloxacin + doxycycline) ie: streptomycin, gentomycin
54
yersinia pestis
gram - coccobacilli, fac. anaerobe, intracellular pathogen (macrophages); oxidase - VF: biofilm, endotoxin
55
"the plague" (yersinia pestis infection)
transmission: bites from infected fleas a) bubonic: homorrhagic buboes in lymph nodes, fever/chills, etc. gram - shock; b) pneumonic: (bubonic)--> spread to lungs, *aerosol spread! "white out lungs," gram - shock; c) septicemic: (bubonic)--> abnormal coagulation => gangrene treatment: Aminoglycosides, doxycycline, fluoroquinolones *must treat pneumonic w/in 24 hrs!
56
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
motile gram - rod, aerobe; oxidase +, grows on PAP plates VF: biofilm, LPS, Exoenzyme S (impairs phagocytes) and Exotoxin A (ADP-ribosylates --> inhibit protein synthesis)
57
Psuedomonas illness
bacteremia (anywhere in body) - pneumonia, abscesses, UTI, sepsis * CF colonization by age 10 transmission: hospital treatment: gentamycin & carbencillin (super resistant to b-lactams, quinolones, etc.)
58
Burkholderia cepacia + illness
motile gram - rod; nosocomial, *co-infects w/ pseudomonas aeruginosa in CF pts VF: biofilm, eats penicillin treatment: trimeth/sulfameth. or chloramphenicol (high antibiotic resistance)
59
Mycoplasma pneumoniae + illness
No cell wall, won't gram stain - -> small colonies (NOT fried egg look) illness: atypical/walking pneumonia (fatigue, sore throat, fever, non-productive cough) treatment: erythromycin, tetracycline
60
Borrelia bergdorferi
Gram - spirochete, aerobe - identifiable by ELISA VF: LPS * gravitates to joints, skin and CNS
61
Lyme disease
caused by transmission of borrelia bergdoferi from ixodes tick; --> erythema chronica migrans (bulls eye rash), + neurologic, muscular, cardiac sequelae treatment: ceftriaxone + doxycycline
62
Borrelia hermsi and illness
``` gram - spirochete, motile aerobe; * use Giemsa stain VF: LPS, varying Ag (resists opsonization) --> recurrent fever transmission: lice. ```
63
leptospira interrogans
gram - spirochete w/ hooked ends, VF: hemolysin transmission: via animal urine (through human skin/mucus membrane)
64
leptospira interrogans illness
- -> Leptospirosis (Biphasic) 1. septic phase: fever, chills, head and muscle ache 2. immune phase: nausea, vomiting, meningitis 3. chronic phase: jaundice, renal failure, endocarditis * * esp. in soldiers, sewer workers, veterinarians **
65
treponema pallidum
motile spirochete, aerobe; visible by darkfield microscopy VF: LPS endotoxin, hyaluronidase
66
syphilis
primary: contagious; painless chancre secondary: contagious; fever, sore throat, ** + rash on palms and soles of feet! ** tertiary: NOT contagious; neurosyphilis, gummas on skin (chronic: placental transfer --> blindness, etc.) Treatment: penicillin ...but: Jarish-Herxheimer rxn (worsen w/drug)
67
Chlamydia trachomatis
non-motile gram Neg.; obligate intracellular pathogen of epithelial cells, *can live in macrophages but not PMNs - use Giemsa stain or IF VF: LPS *** NO capsule!
68
Chlamydia infection
STD: urethritis, dysuria, pain, discharge, vaginal bleeding, pelvic inflam. disease; -> Lymphogranuloma venereum -- Complications: sterility, Reiter's syndrome OR: Ocular trachoma treatment: #1 doxycycline; or erythromycin and azithromycin
69
lymphogranuloma venereum
(from Chlamydia trachomatis) quickly healing genital papule, fever, myalgia, and lymphadenopathy (swollen inguinal lymph nodes)
70
Reiter's syndrome
a complication of chlamydia trachomatis infection, - -> triad: 1. conjunctivitis 2. urethritis 3. arthritis
71
chlamydia pneumoniae
gram neg. obligate intracellular pathogen, * survives in macrophages but not PMNs VF: LPS
72
walking pneumonia
aka: atypical pneumonia, from chlamydia pneumoniae or mycoplasma; --> non-productive cough, headache, fever -- lasts several weeks Treatment: #1 doxycycline, or erythromycin
73
life cycle of an Obligate Intracellular Pathogen
1. Elementary Bodies (infectious) attach to epithelial cell(s) 2. enter cell, establish phagosome --> Reticulate Body (metabolically active, not infectious) 3. RBs replicate (~30 hrs) 4. RBs condense back into EBs 5. EBs kill and lyse cell --> release progeny to infect more cells
74
Chlamydia psittaci + illness
obligate intracellular pathogen of epithelial cells * can live in macrophages but not PMNs VF: LPS = "parrot fever" - from bird droppings --> like severe influenza (fever, non-productive cough, headache, sore throat) + hepatosplenomegaly treatment: doxycycline, but 20% fatal!
75
ricketsia
small gram Neg., actin-motility, obligate intracell. pathogen; VF: LPS endotoxin, hemolysin
76
Ricketsia illness
- Spotted fever: from ticks and mites, fever/chills/head & muscle aches; then rash starting in feet, spreads to trunk - Typhus: from lice, fleas; rash begins on trunk and spreads peripherally treatment: tetracyclines + chloramphenicol, quinolones, supportive therapy
77
Erhlichia
small gram - cocci, obligate intracellular pathogen of Leukocytes VF: LPS endotoxin, hemolysin
78
Erhlichia illness
- -> fever/headache/myalgia, rash less common. * 5-10 day incubation after bite! transmission: deer and dog ticks (carry vectors) * death = from secondary infection (ie: pneumonia) treatment: doxycycline
79
Coxiella burnetti
small gram - cocci, intracellular pathogen of macrophages, replicate in phagosomes; VF: LPS endotoxin, hemolysin --> "Q fever"
80
Q fever
--> fever/headache/myalgia, etc. + endocarditis * from coxiella burnetti Transmission: animal-human aerosol treatment: doxycycline
81
bartonella + illness
small gram - cocci, EXTRAcellular, infects RBCs; --> angiomatosis, peliosis, endocarditis "trench fever"/"cat scratch fever"/"bartonellosis" transmission: fleas, lice, sand flies treatment: doxycycline

Bacteria (midterm) (1 decks)

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