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Microbiology > Bacteria list for Final > Flashcards

Bacteria list for Final Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

Chlamydias (4)

A
  • Gram-negative
  • Pleomorphic (Cocci on exam)
  • Obligate intracellular parasites
  • similar to Rickettsias
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2
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis: (4)

A
  • most common sexually transmitted bacterial disease in the US
  • cause of eye infections and STDs
  • enters through breaks in skin or mm
  • no vaccine available
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3
Q

Antibiotic for Chlamydia trachomatis:

A

Tetracycline

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4
Q

Diseases caused by Chlamydia trachomatis: (3)

A
  • Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) in Males
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in Females
  • Lymphogranuloma venereum –> infects lymphnodes and obstructs them that causes the formation of buboes in the inguinal region
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5
Q

Pseudomonas sp.

A
  • Gram-negative Rod, Environmental (found in soil, water, and on plants; opportunistic pathogen in humans, especially in immunocompromised individuals)
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6
Q

Legionella pneumophila (5)

A
  • Gram-negative, Rod
  • Causes Legionnaires’ disease and Pontiac fever
  • found in water, and soil, particularly in cooling towels, hot tubs, air conditioning systems, water heaters, and shower heads
  • must live in association with protozoa
  • infection occurs from inhalation of aerosols
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7
Q

Alveolar macrophages

A
  • Phagocytizes L. pneumophilia but cannot kill it
  • multiplies inside the cell as an intracellular parasite
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8
Q

Pontiac fever: (2)

A
  • Mild symptoms from L. pneumophilia, includes; a fever, chills, cough, and body aches
  • some may not experience any symptoms at all
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9
Q

Legionnaires disease: (3)

A
  • Severe pneumonia caused by L. pneumophilia that includes; high fevers, chills, a cough, body aches, mental confusion, and impaired respiration
  • Untreated mortality rate = 25%
  • most at risk: smokers, D, transplant Pts on immunosuppressants, and the elderly
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10
Q

Antibiotic for Legionella pneumophilia: (3)

A
  • Erythromycin
  • chlorination of cooling towers and artificial habitats can keep aerosols low
  • no vaccination available
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11
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2)

A
  • Introduced through caths/injections, wounds, or burns
  • found all over hospitals in ventilators, humidifiers, and bathrooms
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12
Q

Diseases caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: (3)

A
  • Exotoxins can cause UTIs
  • ear/eye infections
  • Can cause septicemia (–> endocarditis, meningitis, and pneumonia)
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13
Q

Pseudomonas (7)

A
  • Gram-negative bacilli
  • metabolically versatile as to C source
  • found in soil
  • Opportunistic pathogen especially in nosocomial infections
  • very resistant to soaps, detergents, disinfectants
  • many drug-resistant strains
  • no immunization available
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14
Q

Staphylococcus: (6)

A
  • Gram (+) cocci in grape clusters
  • Facultative anaerobes
  • Catalase positive
  • can withstand high pH, high salt, dry conditions, and high temperatures
  • > 30 species
  • found on skin and mm of warm-blooded animals
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15
Q

Staphylococcus aureus: (2)

A
  • MOST IMPORTANT in this group
  • Many virulence factors including; coagulase, staphylokinase, hyaluronidase, nucleases, lipase, penicillinase, hemolysins, leukocidin, enterotoxins, exfoliative toxin, protein A, TSS toxin
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16
Q

Coagulase:

A
  • causes the coagulation of blood plasma –> puts a layer of fibrin around cells –> which protects them from phagocytosis
  • from S. aureus and S. intermedius (pathogen in dogs)
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17
Q

Staphylokinase:

A
  • activates plasminogen (blood plasma protein) to plasmin (protease) that digests fibrin in clots
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18
Q

Hyaluronidase:

A
  • digests hyaluronic acid that binds together connective tissue to allow invasion of tissues
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19
Q

Nucleases:

A

digests DNA and RNA

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20
Q

Lipase:

A

allows staphylococci to colonize oily skin surfaces

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21
Q

Penicillinase:

A

destroys penicillins

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22
Q

Hemolysisns:

A

lyses RBCs

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23
Q

Leukocidin:

A

lyses WBCs

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24
Q

Enterotoxins:

A

damages intestinal epithelial cells causing water and electrolyte loss (secretory diarrhea)

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25
Exfoliative toxin:
causes loss of epidermal layer of skin
26
Protein A:
a cell wall-associated protein that binds antibody molecules (IgG) and incapacitates them
27
TSS toxin (toxic shock syndrome): (3)
- some strains produce a potent toxin that causes a fever, rash, v, liver damage, renal failure - found in the nasal cavity of everyone but especially infects the vagina from ultra absorbent tampons - the tampons absorb a large amount of Mg irons, leading to heavy colonization.
28
Campylobacter jejuni
Gram-negative, Curved (comma-shaped) rod, Animal (primarily poultry; causes foodborne illness in humans)
29
Neisseria meningitidis
Gram-negative, Cocci (diplococci), Human (respiratory tract; causes meningitis and sepsis)
30
Actinomyces spp.
Gram-positive, Rod (filamentous, branching), Human (commensal organism in the mouth and gastrointestinal tract; causes actinomycosis)
31
Clostridium botulinum
Gram-positive, Rod (anaerobic, spore-forming), Environmental (found in soil, improperly canned food; causes botulism)
32
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
No cell wall, Pleomorphic (variable shape, often appearing as a fried egg), Human (respiratory tract; causes walking pneumonia)
33
Listeria monocytogenes
Gram-positive, Rod, Environmental (found in soil, water, and decaying plant material; can contaminate dairy products and meats; causes listeriosis)
34
Bacillus cereus
Gram-positive, Rod (spore-forming), Environmental (soil and food; causes foodborne illness, particularly in rice and leftovers)
35
Bacillus megaterium
Gram-positive, Rod (spore-forming), Environmental (soil; non-pathogenic, used in biotechnology)
36
Streptococcus mutans
Gram-positive, Cocci (in chains), Human (oral cavity; causes dental cavities)
37
Morganella morganii
Gram-negative, Rod, Human (normal intestinal flora, but can cause infections when the normal flora is disrupted)
38
Streptococcus pyogenes
Gram-positive, Cocci (in chains), Human (throat, skin; causes strep throat, impetigo, and scarlet fever)
39
Bacillus subtilis
Gram-positive, Rod (spore-forming), Environmental (soil; used in industrial applications)
40
Clostridium perfringens
Gram-positive, Rod (anaerobic, spore-forming), Environmental (soil and decaying meat; causes gas gangrene and food poisoning)
41
Bordetella pertussis
Gram-negative, Rod, Human (respiratory tract; causes whooping cough)
42
Yersinia pestis
Gram-negative, Rod, Animal (primarily rodents; transmitted by fleas; causes bubonic plague)
43
Bacillus anthracis
Gram-positive, Rod (spore-forming), Animal (infects herbivores, particularly cattle, sheep; causes anthrax)
44
Clostridium tetani
Gram-positive, Rod (anaerobic, spore-forming), Environmental (soil; causes tetanus)
45
Escherichia coli
Gram-negative, Rod, Human (normal intestinal flora, but pathogenic strains can cause food poisoning, urinary tract infections)
46
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Gram-positive, Rod (club-shaped), Human (respiratory tract; causes diphtheria)
47
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Acid-fast (doesn’t stain well with Gram stain), Rod (slow-growing), Human (respiratory tract; causes tuberculosis)
48
Francisella tularensis
Gram-negative, Rod, Animal (wild animals like rabbits and rodents; causes tularemia)
49
Helicobacter pylori
Gram-negative, Spiral-shaped (helical), Human (gastric mucosa; causes peptic ulcers)
50
Coxiella burnetii
Gram-negative, Rod (pleomorphic), Animal (especially cattle, sheep, and goats; causes Q fever)
51
Rickettsia rickettsii
Gram-negative, Rod (obligate intracellular bacterium), Animal (transmitted by ticks; causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever)
52
Leptospira interrogans
Gram-negative (spirochete), Spiral (spirochete), Animal (especially rodents; causes leptospirosis)
53
Brucella abortus
Gram-negative, Rod (coccobacillus), Animal (especially cattle; causes brucellosis)
54
Treponema pallidum
Gram-negative (spirochete), Spiral (spirochete), Human (sexually transmitted; causes syphilis)
55
Brucella suis
Gram-negative, Rod (coccobacillus), Animal (especially pigs; causes brucellosis)
56
Borrelia burgdorferi
Gram-negative (spirochete), Spiral (spirochete), Animal (transmitted by ticks; causes Lyme disease)
57
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Gram-negative, Cocci (diplococci), Human (sexually transmitted; causes gonorrhea)
58
Haemophilus aegyptius
Gram-negative, Rod, Human (causes conjunctivitis and other infections)
59
Haemophilus ducreyi
Gram-negative, Rod, Human (sexually transmitted; causes chancroid)
60
Vibrio cholerae
Gram-negative, Comma-shaped rod, Environmental (found in water; causes cholera)
61
Salmonella typhi
Gram-negative, Rod, Animal (primarily poultry; causes typhoid fever)
62
Shigella sp.
Gram-negative, Rod, Human (fecal-oral transmission; causes dysentery)
63
Mycobacterium leprae
Acid-fast (doesn’t stain well with Gram stain), Rod, Human (causes leprosy)
64
Serratia marcescens
Gram-negative, Rod, Environmental (found in soil, water; opportunistic pathogen in hospitals)
65
Lactococcus lactis
Gram-positive, Cocci (in chains), Environmental (used in dairy fermentation)
66
Enterococcus faecalis
Gram-positive, Cocci (in pairs or chains), Human (intestinal tract; can cause urinary tract infections)
67
Mycoplasma hominis
No cell wall, Pleomorphic, Human (genitourinary tract)
68
Clostridium difficile
Gram-positive, Rod (spore-forming), Human (intestinal tract; associated with antibiotic-associated diarrhea)
69
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram-positive, Cocci (in pairs, lancet-shaped), Human (normal respiratory flora; causes pneumonia, meningitis)
70
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Gram-positive, Rod, Human (intestinal and vaginal flora; used in probiotics)
71
Haemophilus influenzae
Gram-negative, Rod, Human (respiratory tract; causes pneumonia, meningitis)
72
Citrobacter freundii
Gram-negative, Rod, Environmental (found in water, soil; opportunistic pathogen in humans)
73
Bacillus thuringiensis
Gram-positive, Rod (spore-forming), Environmental (soil; used as a biological pesticide)
74
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Gram-negative, Comma-shaped rod, Environmental (found in seafood; causes food poisoning)
75
Streptococcus saprophyticus
Gram-positive, Cocci (in clusters), Human (urinary tract; causes urinary tract infections)
76
Mycoplasma haemophilus
No cell wall, Pleomorphic, Human (rare pathogen, can cause respiratory and genitourinary infections)
77
Chromobacterium violaceum
Gram-negative, Rod, Environmental (found in soil and water; can cause septicemia)
78
Micrococcus lactis
Gram-positive, Cocci (in tetrads), Environmental (found on the skin and in milk)
79
Proteus vulgaris
Gram-negative, Rod, Human (intestinal tract; causes urinary tract infections and wound infections)
80
Neisseria animaloris
Gram-negative, Cocci (diplococci), Animal (primarily dogs and cats; can infect humans)
81
Chlamydia pneumoniae (7)
- about 50% of all adults over 50 have antibodies - 1/2 - 2/3 of MIs may be caused by it - high amount of antibodies = x4 risk - reinfection can trigger a MI - infections contribute to atherosclerosis - causes a mild pneumonia

Microbiology (15 decks)

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