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bacterial cell structure Flashcards

(122 cards)

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1
Q

domain that found in microorganisms that grow under extreme environmental conditions

A

Archaea (archaeobacteria)

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2
Q

archaeal cell walls lack?

A

peptidoglycan

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3
Q

gram positive archaea have?

A

thick wall and stain purple

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4
Q

gram-neg archaea

A

have layer of protein covering the cell wall and stain pink

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5
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

larger and contains membrane-encased organelles (little organs) or compartments that serve specific functions

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6
Q

prokaryotic cell

A

noncompartmentalized

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7
Q

bacillus and clostridium produce what?

A

produce endospores in response to harsh environmental conditions

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8
Q

endospores

A

are small, dormant (inactive), asexual spores that develop inside the bacterial cell (active vegetative cell) as a means of survival

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9
Q

thick protein coat of endospores

A

makes them highly resistant to chemical agents, temperature change, starvation, dehydration, ultraviolet and gamma radiation, and dessication

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10
Q

spores

A

highly refractile bodies in the cell; visualized microscopically as unstained areas in the cell with the use of traditional bacterial stains (gram)

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11
Q

most common used endospore stain

A

Schaeffer-Fulton

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12
Q

tennis racquet-shaped or lollipop-shaped appearance

A

clostridium tetani

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13
Q

plasma membrane

A

a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that envelop the cytoplasm

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14
Q

mycobacteria have modified cell wall, and called as?

A

acid-fast cell wall

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15
Q

gram-positive cell wall

A

composed of a very thick protective peptidoglycan (murein) layer

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16
Q

other components of gram-pos cell wall that penetrates to the exterior of the cell are:

A

teichoic acid (anchored to the peptidoglycan)
lipoteichoic acid (anchored to the PM)

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17
Q

outer membrane of gram-neg cell wall

A

contains of proteins, phospholipids, and lipopolysaccharide (lps); LPS contains 3 regions: an antigenic O-specific polysaccharide, a core polysaccharide, & inner lipid A (also called endotoxin)

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18
Q

lipid A moiety

A

responsible for producing fever and shock conditions in patients infected with gram-neg bacteria

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19
Q

periplasmic space

A

gel-like matrix containing nutrient-binding proteins and degradative and detoxifying enzymes; this is absent in gram-pos bacteria

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20
Q

major lipid component; a strong “hydrophobic” molecule that forms a lipid shell around the organism and affects its permeability

A

mycolic acid

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21
Q

becoz of their gram-pos nature, these bacteria stain a faint blue (gram-pos color)

A

Mycobacterium & Nocardia spp.

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22
Q

prokaryotes that belong in these genera that are unique coz they lack a cell wall and contain sterols in thei cell membrane

A

mycoplasma & ureaplasma genera

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23
Q

discrete organized covering

A

capsule

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24
Q

act as virulence factors in helping the pathogen evade phagocytosis

A

capsule

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25
capsule removal (to detect somatic antigens)
accomplished by boiling a suspension of the microorganism
26
capsule does not stain with gram or india ink
instead, it appears as clear area ("halo"-like) between or surrounding the stained organism
27
slime layer
made of polysaccharides, serve either to inhibit phagocytosis or, aid in adherence to host tissue or synthetic implants
28
organ of the locomotion
flagellum
29
exterior protein filaments that rotate and cause bacteria to be motile
flagella
30
extend from one end of the bacterium
polar flagellum
31
polar flagella may occur singly at one or both ends or multiply in tufts at one end
lophotrichous
32
nonmotile, long, hollow protein tubes that connect two bacterial cells and mediate DNA exchange
pili (a.k.a conjugation pili)
33
nonflagellar, sticky, proteinaceous, hairlike appendages that adhere some bacterial cells to one another and to environmental surfaces
fimbriae
34
nucleus of the eukaryotic cell contains DNA of the cell in the form of discrete chromosomes and covered with basic protiens called
histones
35
rounded, refractile body and also located within the nucleus; and site of rRNA synthesis
nucleolus
36
this ER is covered with ribososmes, the site of protein synthesis
rough ER
37
this ER does not synthesize proteins, but it does synthesize phospholipids
smooth ER
38
function is to modify and package proteins sent to it by the roguh ER, depending on the protein's final destination
golgi apparatus/complex
39
main sites of energy production
mitochondria
40
contain hydrolytic enzymesfor degradation of macromoleculesand microorganisms within the cell
lysosomes
41
contain protective enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide
peroxisomes
42
found in plant cells, and sites of photosynthesis
chloroplasts
43
produces glucose from carbon dioxide and water
photosynthesis
44
a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that envelops the cytoplasm and regulates transport of macromolecules onto and out of the cell
plasma membrane (eukaryotic)
45
this part of the phospholipids are hydrophilic (water loving) and lie on both the intracellular and extracellular fluids
polar heads
46
are hydrophobic (water hating) and avoid water by lining up in the center of the PM "tail-tail"
nonpolar tails
47
short projections (3 to 10um), usually numerous, that extend from the cell surface and are used for locomotion
cilia
48
small structure located at the base of cilia or flagella, where microtubule proteins involved in movement originate
basal body or kinetosome
49
three basic shapes of bacteria
cocci (spherical) bacilli (rod-shaped) spirochetes (spiral)
50
bacilli with tapered, pointed ends are termed
fusiform
51
species varies in size and shape within a pure culture
bacterium is pleomorphic
52
most commonly used stain in the clinical microbiology lab
gram stain
53
blue-purple color
gram-positive
54
pink
gram-negative
55
primary stain (1 min)
crystal violet
56
mordant or fixative (1 min)
iodine
57
decolorizer
alcohol/ alcohol acetone solution
58
counter stain (30 secs)
safranin
59
used to stain bacteria that have high lipid and wax content
acid-fast stain
60
red dye; used as the primary stain
carbolfuchsin
61
genera that are gram-pos
nocardia and rhodococcus
62
fluorochrome dye that stains both gram-pos and gram-neg bacteria, living or dead; used to locate bacteria in blood cultures
acridine organe
63
fluorochrome that binds to chitin in fungal cell walls; fluoresces as bright apple-green or blue-white; "blueing"
calcofluor white
64
used to stain C.diphtheriae for observation of metachromatic granules
methylene blue
65
used to stain the cell wall of medically important fungi grown in slide culture
lactophenol cotton blue
66
negative stain to visualize capsules surrounding certain yeasts, such as cryptococcus spp.
india ink
67
able to grow simply, using carbon dioxide as the sole source of carbon, with only water and inorganic salts
autotrophs (lithotrophs)
68
these bacteria require an organic source of carbon, such as glucose, and obtain energy by oxidizing or fermenting organic substances
heterotrophs
69
fastidious, requiring additional metabolites such as vitamins, purines, pyrimidines, and hemoglobin supplied in the growth medium
haemophilus influenzae and the anaerobes
70
media that are made of extracts of meat or soybeans (nutrient broth, trypticase soy broth)
nutrient media
71
growth medium that contains added growth factors, such as blood, vitamins, and yeast extract
enriched (blood agar, chocolate agar)
72
media containing additives that inhibit the growth of some bacteria but allow others to grow
selective media (MacConkey agar for gram-neg; colistin-nalidixic acid for gram-pos)
73
ingredients in media that allow visualization of metabolic differences between groups or species of bacteria
differential media
74
this is used when a delay between collection of the specimen and culturing
transport medium
75
three environmental factors influence the growth rate of bacteria
pH temperature gaseous composition of the atmosphere
76
bacteria that grow best at cold tempt
psychrophiles (10 to 20 degrees C)
77
gacteria that grow optimally at moderate temp
mesophiles (20 to 40 degrees c)
78
bacteria that grow at high tempt
thermophiles (50 to 60 degrees C)
79
bacteria that require oxygen for growth
obligate aerobes
80
previously referred to as facultative aerobes; can survive in the presence of oxygen but do not use oxygen in metabolism (e.g. clostridium spp.)
aerotolerant anaerobes
81
cannot grow in the presence of oxygen
obligate anaerobes
82
can grow either with or without oxygen
facultative anaerobes
83
organisms grow best when the atmosphere is enriched with extra carbon dioxide (5% to 10%)
capnophilic
84
bacteria require a reduced level of oxygen to grow (campylobacter spp. 5% to6%)
microaerophilic
85
time required for one cell to divide into two cells
generation time or doubling time
86
generation time for fast-growing bacterium such as E.coli
20 minutes
87
for slow-growing like mycobacterium tuberculosis
24 hrs
88
phases of growth: during which bacteria are preparing to divide
lag phase
89
phases of growth: during which bacteria numbers increase logarithmically
log phase
90
phases of growth: in which nutrients are becoming limited and number of bacteria remain constant
stationary phase
91
phases of growth: when number of nonviable bacterial cells exceeds the number of viable cells
death phase
92
an anaerobic process carried out by both obligate and facultative anaerobes
fermentation
93
two important diagnostic tests used in identification of the enterobacteriaceae
voges-proskauer and methyl red
94
major end product is ethanol; this pathway used by yeasts when they ferment glucose
alcoholic fermentation
95
end product is almost exclusively lactic acid; all members of strep genus and many members of the lactobacillus genus ferment pyruvate using this pathway
homolactic fermentation
96
some lactobacilli use this mixed fermnetation pathway; in addition to lactic acid,, the end productss include carbon dioxide, alcohols, formic acid, and cetic acid
heterolactic fermentation
97
major end product of fermentations carried out by propionibacterium acnes and some anaerobic non-spore-forming, gram-pos bacilli
propionic acid fermentation
98
members of the genera escherichia, salmonella, and shigella within the enterobacteriaceae use this pathway for sugar fermentation and produce a number of acids as end products- lactic, acetic, succinic and formic
mixed acid fermentation
99
members of genera klebsiella, enterobacter, and serratia within the enterobactericeae use this; end products are acetoin and 2,3-butanediol
butanediol fermentation
100
major pathway in conversion of glucose to pyruvate; anaerobic; used by many bacteria including all members of enterobacteriaceae
EMP glycolytic pathway
101
alternative to EMP; used by heterolactic fermenting bacteria, such as lactobacilli and brucella abortus
pentose phosphate pathway
102
coverts glucose-6-phosphate to pyruvate
entner-doudoroff pathway
103
double helical chain of nucleotides' "spiral staircase"/"zipper with teeth"
DNA
104
genes that are always expressed are...
constitutive
105
genes that are expressed only under certain conditions are...
inducible
106
duplication of chromosomal DNA for insertion intoa daughter cell
replication
107
synthesis of ssRNA
transcription
108
actual synthesis of specific protein from the mRNA code
translation
109
group of three nucleotides in an mRNA
codon
110
is the triplet of bases on the tRNA that bind the triplet of bases on the mRNA
anticodon
111
contains all the information needed for cell growth and replication
bacterial chromosome/ genome
112
horizontal transfer of genetic material by cell-to-cell contact
conjugation
113
certain pieces of DNA are mobile and may jump from one place in the chromosome to another place
jumping genes
114
method by which genes are transferred or exchanged between homologous regions on two DNA molecules
genetic recombination
115
three basic ways a genetic material can be transferred from one bacterium to another
transformation transduction conjugation
116
uptake and incorporation of naked DNA into a bacterial cell
transformation
117
cells that can take up naked dna are referred to
competent
118
bacterial species that are being competent
strep. pneumonia neisseria gonorhoeae h. influenzae
119
transfer of bacterial genes by a bacteriophage from one cell to another
transduction
120
transfer of genetic material from a donor bacterial strain to a recipient strain
conjugation
121
donor strains produce a hollow surface called
sex pillus
122

BACTE part1 (4 decks)

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