Bacterial Cells Flashcards

Question

Prokaryotes that are pathogenic to us

Answer 1

E. coli Salmonella species (gastroenteritis) Streptococcus pyogenes (pharyngitis) HIV influenza viruses EBV HPV

Answer 2

Catabolic Activator Protein (CAP) or cyclic AMP Receptor Protein (CRP) is a Positive regulator of lac transcription. * CAP is a pleiotropic or general activator. It functions at many different promoters, not just lac. * CAP is a sequence-specific DNA binding protein * CAP responds to cAMP levels in the cell. cAMP-CAP binding is equired for high expression of the lac operon. This conserves the cells energy.

Answer 3

Used for attachment to host cell Transfer of DNA from bacterial organisms to another Found mostly in gram negative bacteria pili also carry surface antigens, which may be responsible for the virulous of the bacteria and for the pathogenicity of the bacteria

Answer 4

Some bacteria can inhibit protein synthesis by inhibiting the elongation factor in the protein machinery ○Inhibiting the elongation factor prevents peptide bond formation between the unit, so the protein cannot be made ○

Answer 5

In between the capsule and the plasma membrane

Answer 6

* Acidification of phagolysosome * Capsule production * Toxin release * Inhibition of phagolysosome formation * Escape from phagolysome * Antioxidant production * Complement inactivation

Answer 7

Major groups: Prokaryotes Size: 0.5 to 3 micrometers No nucleus Single, cincular DNA No mitochondria, no ER, no Golgi Ribosomes: 70S (50S+30S) Cytoplasmic membrane: Does not contain sterols Reproduction: Asexual Movement: Simple flagellum Respiration: Via cytoplasmic membrane

Answer 8

Extra chromosomal DNA Not required for cell survival Carry genes that code for virulence factors and drug resistance Transmitted by transformation and mostly by conjugation

Answer 9

are areas of DNA concentration. Bacterial DNA occurs as a single circular chromosome. E.coli chromosome has 4x106 base pairs, 1mm long ( 1000 times the length of the bacterium, requires gyrase enzyme for coiling)

Answer 10

Can be found in both

Answer 11

* Excess iron is stored in liver and macrophages as ferritin; regulated by ferroportin and hepcidin * Iron overload is elevated iron levels in liver; and can cause cardiomyopathy (irregular heart beat), joint pain (arthriris), bone pain, diabetes, liver cirrhosis, hyperpigmentation, hypopituitarism/ low sex drive * Most important cause is hereditary hemochromatosis * Another cause is hemosiderosis due to excessive blood transfusion * Iron overload in people of African descent is due to a mutation in ferroportin gene and can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma * HIV, Plasmodium falciparum (malaria parasite) require free circulation iron to grow and multiply * Low circulation non-heme iron in sickle cell disease; low HIV prevalence in people with sickle cell disease * Iron deficiency (hemoglobin \< 10g/dL) protects against severe malaria and death in young children * Iron supplementation increases severity of HIV and malaria infections •

Answer 12

Batch- closed Chemostat- continous Growth Measurements * Cell count- plate/viable * Cell mass * Turbidity/ OD * Cell activity * Enzyme/ end product

Answer 13

Gram Negative

Answer 14

Facilitates proper laboratory identification of clinical isolates Necessary for determing etiology of infectious diseases during epidemiological investigations Essential to bacterial nomenclature

Answer 15

Gram positive bacteria Gram negative bacteria

Answer 16

Spherical cocci Elongated bacilli Spiral spirochetes

Answer 17

Greek korynee, or “club,” referring to its clubbed ends, and diphtheria, meaning “leather hide,” Exhibits metachromatic granules and “Chinese character” Pleomorphic gram-positive bacillus Produces an exotoxin that is encoded by the bacteriophage beta Diphtheria toxin inhibits protein synthesis Diphtheria toxin induces pseudomembrane formation Prevented via vaccination – Diphtheria vaccine

Answer 18

Nucleic Acid inhibitor that inhibits gyrase or topoisomerase, which prevent DNA supercoiling Treats UTIs and pneumonia

Answer 19

* DNA transferred from donor cell to recipient cell via an intact phage. * Lytic cycle −Phage replicate and escape via lysis •lysogenic cycle −Phage DNA integrates into host genome. Ex: Corynibacterium diptheriae \*The bacteria itself is harmless, it doesn't do anything. BUT if you get infected with this bacterium with a beta 2 phage in it, this causes issues. The bacteriophage encodes for a toxin gene that is two parts, one part inserts in the membrane the other part is transferred to the inside of the cell where it interferes with protein synthesis and subsequently kills the cell. The other part that is stuck to your cell surface has the ability to stick to another cell or it could stick to macrophages that are coming to degrade it. With these guys sticking together by the toxin part that inserts into the membrane, you can see how a pseudomembrane would build up.

Answer 20

Made of polysaccharides Antiphagocytic

Answer 21

–LPS binds to CD14 and Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), activates B cells, induces macrophages, dendritic cells to release acute phase proteins IL-1, IL-6, TNF-a and prostaglandings -- LPS activates alternative complement to produce C3a, C5a as chemoattractant, vasodilation, blood capillary leakage and anaphylactoxins Bacterial sepsis is a life threatening condition due to lipid A from large numbers of circulating G- bacteria. LPS confers negative charge to bacteria and repels hydrophobic molecules such as antibiotics, bile salts and detergents

Answer 22

Genus and species

Answer 23

•Polysacch capsule –Strep. pneumoniae •M protein –Group A Strep * K antigen in E. coli * Vi antigen Salmonella * Protein A in S. aureus

Answer 24

• The chromosome of the bacteria is single chromosome, double stranded DNA When you look at the bacteria chromosome, if you stretch it, it is about 1000x the length of the bacteria • ▪ So, you can give an antibiotic to target the gyrase enzyme ▪ If the bacteria can't compact the chromosome, it will die ○ They have an enzyme called the gyrase enzyme that allows it to compact all of it • So how is the bacteria able to compact everything? This is why we need an understanding of all the part of the bacteria in order to treat the infections that come along

Answer 25

Glucose repression The presence of glucose inhibits the use of other carbon sources

Answer 26

Gel electrophoresis

Answer 27

Gram Positive

Answer 28

* Human macrophages produce lactoferrin as an antimicrobial agent * Breast milk contains high titers of lactoferrin, lysozyme, lactalbumin * Our current studies show that they are inhibitory for malaria and bacterial growth and for bacterial hemolysins * Breastfeeding also protects mothers against future breast cancer

Answer 29

Filled with enzymes that regulate what comes in and goes out of bacteria Only found in gram negative bacteria Harbor virulence factors

Answer 30

Gram Positive: Sensitive Gram Negative: Resistant

Answer 31

Subepithelium (can cause pimples) Propinionic bacterium

Answer 32

Phenylalanine; tryptophan

Answer 33

* Capsule production * IgA coating * Elastase production * Polysaccharide side chains * Expulsion of membrane attack complex

Answer 34

Gram Positive because it does not have the additional outer membrane and periplasm

Answer 35

Bacteriophage Adenoviruses Adeno-associated Viruses Liposomes Macro-molecular conjugates * A conjugate with the protein that you want on one end. The other end is recognized by certain cells. THIS is where you get cell specificity. * - Ex. If you wanted to use the insulin receptor to get conjugate material into the cell * You'd make one end similar to the insulin binding area so that it can bind insulin receptor * Sometimes they use Ig molecules that will bind their receptors on the cell, allowing the protein they're conjugated to, entry to the cell. * This offers cell specificity so you can deliver the protein you need to the right cell

Answer 36

* Viridans streptococci * Anaerobic streptococci * Bacteroides fragilis * Fusobacterium sp * Lactobacillus species * Candida albicans

Answer 37

---Regulation of translation initiation and transcription termination by altering the accessibility of Ribosome Binding Sites. [Targets] ---Regulation by base pairing with the targeted sequences on mRNAs. [Mechanism] ---Acts in trans

Answer 38

•Skin bacteria –Fatty acids •Intestinal bacteria –Bacteriocins, colicins –B & K vitamins –Antigenic stimulation –Competent immunity •Oral & Vaginal floras –Lactobacillus keeps acid environment & flora intact

Answer 39

PABA * Sulfonamides * Sulphadiazine * sulphamethoxazole DHFR * Trimethoprim * Pyrimethamine * Methotrexate

Answer 40

peptide antibiotic that can kill candida albicans. The gene for this peptide antibiotic was genetically engineered and placed into the acinar cells (that make spit), thereby enabling them to produce spit with this pharmaceutical in it. So every time a patient swallowed a patient was really self-treating. Then if they live long enough, the candida infection can be resolved.

Answer 41

T-1; T-2 T-c; T-s T-1 T-2 T-c T-s

Answer 42

Compares DNA sequences among bacteria using molecular probes and hybridization studies to determine genetic relatedness

Answer 43

The skin is the most important physical barrier against microbial entry into the body due to intact epithelial cover and lactic acid and fatty acids in sweat. Others include ciliary lining in trachea, HCl in stomach, lysozyme in tears and saliva, lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase in milk. Antagonistic organisms in oral, nasal, gut and vagina floras

Answer 44

Adeno-viruse Adeno-associated viruses Liposomes Macro-molecular conjugates

Answer 45

* Genetic recombination in bacteria that most resembles sexual reproduction. * Cell to Cell contact. * Genetic donors (Male) * genetic recipients (Female) * fertility factor (Plasmid) * Pilus + Outer Membrane Protein * Female becomes Male (Quorum Sensing) * Occurs when Males begin to out number females * This is not beneficial to the cell, so it causes conjugation to stop. * Females will begin to divide and more females will come in, as a form of regulation

Answer 46

Lac Z: B-galactosidase * cleaves the linkage between galactose and glucose. Lac Y: Permease * Transports lactose into the cell. **Lactose must be transported in**

Answer 47

–They are major surface antigens used for serologic typing.They also play a role in adherence and transport (of magnesium into the cell)

Answer 48

1. Drug Resistance * Plasmids carry drug resistance genes to * Penicillin * Ampicillin * Beta lactamase * Tetracyclins * Kanamycin * Chloramphenocol 2. UV resistance * UV light causes thymine dimers in bacteria-DNA polymerase cuts out these bumps formed by the thymine dimers, but it can mess up and reinsert thymine dimers. This will alter the reading frame resulting in a non-functional protein. This renders the bacteria non-functional as well. Some bacteria are now resistant to UV light because they have found a way to repair the damage caused by it. 3. Metal Ion resistance to mercury, cobalt, magnesium, silver nitrate * Silver nitrate drops can act against gonorrhea, so resistance is bad 4. Bacteriocins * These are peptide antibiotics that are produced by one bacterium to kill off another species of bacterium. When the host isn't taking in enough nutrients, the bacteria turn on each other since there aren't enough resources for both. 5. Production of proteases * Plasmids carry genes that code fo toxins * •Exotoxins (Clostridium botulinum) * Enterotoxins (E. coli, staphylococcus aureus) * Streptococcal hemolysins, SSST 6. Metabolism of various sugars and Hydrocarbons * Plasmids carry genes that allow for the metabolism of various sugars and hyrdrocarbons 7. Tumorogenesis

Answer 49

Colonies or communities of bacteria that are enclosed by secreted complex polymers with complex architecture. The whole colony functions physiologically as a coordinated unit. The polymer enclosures or exopolysaccharide matrix allow cell adhesion and aggregation and make them impermeable and resistant to antibiotics and host immune responses.

Answer 50

aminoglycosides(streptomycin,tobramycin), and tetracyclines and erythromicin

Answer 51

* NADPH oxidase * Superoxide anion * Superoxide dismutase * Hydrogen peroxide * Ferrous salt * Hydroyl radical * Glutathione peroxidase & reductase * Catalase

Answer 52

Staphylococcus aureus Staph epidermis

Answer 53

Fermentation- Extension of glycolysis Glycolysis Respiration (includes glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and ETC)

Answer 54

* Candida albicans yeast overgrowth (thick white discharge, but no smell) * Treatable with clotrimazole (lotrimin) gel

Answer 55

Strains with a high degree of overall similarities that differ from other stains

Answer 56

* 1. Extrachromosomal DNA * 2. DS, circular * 3. oriC and oriT (terC) * oriC- start of replication * oriT- termination of replication * 4. Independent replication- plasmids don't depend on the host to replicate * 5. Variety of types , Carry Optional Genes * A bacteria can carry many different types of plasmids

Answer 57

pervents dephosphorylation of phospholipid carrier, thus blocking regeneration of carrier molecule

Answer 58

Periplasmic space

Answer 59

* Bacterial iron-containing enzymes(cytochromes, catalase) * Bacterioferritin—bacterial iron storage * Host iron-containing proteins (hemoglobin, ferritin) * Host iron-transport proteins (transferrin, lactoferrin) * Bacterial iron-sequestration - siderophores- ferrichromes,enterobactins - membrane-receptor proteins - host cell iron exporters (ferroportin, hepcidin) * Iron overload in malaria, sickle cell disease (blood transfusions) * Iron chelators (desferrioxamine)-infections

Answer 60

•F Plasmid * Conjugative Plasmid •F’ Plasmid * Integrates with host chromosome and can come back out * HFR Plasmid * High Frequency of recombination •Drug Resistance Plasmid

Answer 61

•Insertion of “naked bacteriophage” DNA to produce infectious phage particles. • •“Man-made” or laboratory mechanism

Answer 62

Clostridium difficile; Crohn’s disease; ulcerative colitis

Answer 63

Lactobacillus

Answer 64

Pili (fimbriae)

Answer 65

In the cytoplasm

Answer 66

Small amount of DNA a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan Carry genes that encode for resistance to antibiotics Carries genes for toxic production No necessary for the survival of a bacteria

Answer 67

_Gram Positive_ Streptococcus pnemoniae _Gram Negative_ Neisseria gonorrhea N. sicca N. meningitidis

Answer 68

- bind to terminal D-ala-D-ala residues, thus preventing incorporation of subunit into growing peptidoglycan

Answer 69

kill cells with toxin production and inflammation; induce chronic infections ; evade host humoral immune responses

Answer 70

Ethanol and carbon dioxide

Answer 71

A genetic element that possesses a site, at which additional DNA, in the form of gene cassettes, can be integrated by site-specific recombination, and which encodes an enzyme, integrase, that mediates these site-specific recombination events. So, it's a genetic unit that includes genes for a site specific recombination, they can capture and mobilize genes contained in mobile elements. ○ When integrons acquire antibiotic genes they make a cassette out of it. Gene cassette is a type of mobile genetic element that contains a gene and a recombination site. Gene cassettes can move around within an organism genome or be transferred to another organism in the environment via horizontal gene transfer. These cassettes often carry antibiotic resistance gene **SINGLE PROMOTOR. All genes on or all genes off**

Answer 72

▪ For aerobic respiration, all 3 things: glycolysis, Krebs, & ETS have to be present ▪ An oxygen molecule is the final electron acceptor in ETS ○ Aerobic ○ Anaerobic

Answer 73

○ A promoter ○ An operator ○ A repressor gene Structural enzymes, which are involved in the biosynthesis of tryptophan

Answer 74

This toxin behaves like a phospholipase c by degrading the phospholipid content of the cell membrane, thus allowing it to lyse the cell membrane ○ ○ Once the cells are lysed, the bacteria can't survive and cell death results

Answer 75

Retro-viruses Adeno-viruses Liposomes

Answer 76

• –Tumors -- Kidney stones -- Ureteric reflux -- Prostatic hypertrophy –Bladder incontinence -- Short female urethra -- Catherization –Poor hygiene/ GI Urethral Contamination (by E. Coli and Klebsiella)

Answer 77

Retroviruses Adeno-associated viruses

Answer 78

Inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to DNA- dependent RNA polymerase

Answer 79

(a) is a blood monocyte ,long-lived with mitochondria, antigen presenting, produces IL-1, TNF-α, IL-6 (b) is a polymorphonuclear neutrophil, short-lived without mitochondria, uses glycolysis under anaerobic conditions such as in inflammatory focus, nonantigen presenting or cytokine production

Answer 80

The dtxR bacterial gene encodes a 226 AA DtxR repressor protein The DtxR repressor is inactive by itself Fe+2 is a co-repressor\* of DtxR The DtxR-Fe+2 complex is a DNA binding protein that binds to the bacteriophage tox operator to inhibit transcription • Repressor also binds to siderophore transport genes * ○ Siderophores are iron sequestration

Answer 81

Mycobacterium species, neither gram positive nor negative);cell wall with peptidoglycan and layers of cord factor and mycolic acid

Answer 82

Retro-viruses Adeno-viruses Aden-associated viruses Liposomes Macro-molecular conjugates

Answer 83

Collection of similiar species

Answer 84

bacterial conjugation and DNA transfer.

Answer 85

Lactobacillus is an important member of the vaginal flora because it regulates that flora through the production of lactic acid because it provides an acidic environment that keeps every member of that flora in check □ The overuse of antibiotics can decimate Lactobacillus, wipe out the flora, and dysregulate the dynamics of the population  There are some people who have a hormonal defect that affects regulation of the flora  In the mouth and oral cavities, Lactobacillus plays a role in the formation of dental carries  If you wipe out Lactobacillus from that flora, there's no regulation, so everyone will go wild and you have bacterial vaginosis □

Answer 86

Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA found in all genera of bacteria. Plasmids are of medical importance because they carry genes for resistance to antibiotics, toxin production and virulence factors

Answer 87

E.coli, Staphylococci, Streptococci, Pseudomonas

Answer 88

Sulfonamides Dapsone Trimethoprim Para-aminosalicyclic acid

Answer 89

Mixture of organic acids

Answer 90

Spore formation is characteristic of two genera,Bacillus (aerobes) and Clostridium ( anaerobes) Sporulation occurs when the bacterium is under environmental stress e.g. lack of nutrients, extreme temperatures or conditions unfavorable to growth The structure and chemistry of the bacterial spore allows it to resist physical and chemical conditions that are detrimental to the vegetative form of the bacterium Bacterial spores are of medical significance they are means of dissemination of certain diseases Bacterial spores are destroyed by autoclaving

Answer 91

S.pyrogenes S.mutans

Answer 92

Proteus Klebsiella

Answer 93

When cAMP levels are high The catabolic activating protein will not bind to the site by itself. It will only bind when in complex with cyclic AMP

Answer 94

Obligate aerobes- bacillus Faculative anaerobes- E. Coli, Staph Aerotolerant anaerobes- Lactobacillus Microaerophiles (need oxygen but poisioned by high concentrations)- Campylobacteria Obligate anaerobes- Clostridium

Answer 95

Bacillus (aerobes); Clostridium ( anaerobes)

Answer 96

a molecule that binds and transports iron in microorganisms.

Answer 97

inhibits reactions involved in incorporation of alanine into cell wall precursor

Answer 98

•Protein: 2,360,000/cell – ( 1,050 types) –DNA: (1 type) –23S,16S,5S rRNAs,1type –tRNA 60 types –mRNA 400 types –Lipid: 22,000,000/cell (4 types) –LPS: 1,200,000/cell –Peptidoglycan:1/cell –Glycogen 4,360/cell

Answer 99

Macromolecular conjugates

Answer 100

Regulons allow the co-ordinate up-regulation of multiple genes/operons in response to a common environmental signal / regulatory molecule The SOS response is one such regulon. SOS response is activated by DNA damage and it coordinates various functions required to control DNA damage. At least 15 genes at different chromosomal locations are controlled by the action of a repressor protein-LexA. In the absence of DNA damage, LexA represses SOS induced genes by binding to their operator regions. Following DNA damage, a second regulatory protein, RecA binds to ssDNA and RecA proteolytically cleaves the LexA repressor. Proteolysis of LexA activates expression of genes in the SOS regulon.

Answer 101

bacterial sepsis; TLR-4. TLR-4's activation leads to an intracellular signaling pathway NF-κB and inflammatory cytokine production which is responsible for activating the innate immune system

Answer 102

By changing the shape of the mRNA

Answer 103

Release of neutrophils that can phagocytose

Answer 104

–phosphatases ,proteases, endonucleases

Answer 105

will bind to the surface of the target cell's membrane ○ They will inject subunits of the toxin ○ The subunits of the toxin will activate cyclic AMP The cyclic AMP will turn around and push all the electrolytes out of our system (fluid will also be pushed out) ○ ○ Organisms like E.coli that cause diarrhea. Diphtheria.

Answer 106

Polymyxins * Anti-bacterial; disrupts hydrophobic region of cell membrane; possess multiple positive charges to bind phospholipid phosphatases Polyenes * Anti-fungal; react with steroids in cell membrane to alter permeability

Answer 107

* Leader peptide * Contains 2 UGG Trp codons inside * this mRNA transcript that makes secondary structures * There are several RNA secondary structures you can make * ○ You can make a 2-3 stem loop (low tryptophan) ○ You can make a 3-4 stem loop (High tryptophan) * transciptional terminator, **if** it is followed by a poly U. * Poly U activates RNA polymerase ○ OR, you can make both

Answer 108

Gram positive

Answer 109

The lack of sterols

Answer 110

* Absence of tryptophan activates expression of genes required to synthesize tryptophan. * Regulation aims to switch off expression when tryptophan is plentiful. This is the opposite of lac control One level of control operates through TrpR the trp repressor. Tryptophan acts as a co-repressor with TrpR. Trp operon encodes enzymes of the shikimate pathway that convert Chorismate to tryptophan

Answer 111

Plasmodium species (malaria) Trichomonas vaginalis (STD) Toxoplasma gondii Candida albicans (oral, vaginal candidaiasis)

Answer 112

Cystic fibrosis UTIs

Answer 113

Streptococcus mitis

Answer 114

Pentapeptide \*No link in gram negative

Answer 115

Many in the capsule M protein, which is found in the cell wall but functions in the capsule

Answer 116

Enzymes involved in transport, degradation, and synthesis ## Footnote –binding proteins for sugars, amino acids, inorganic ions, vitamins –chemoreceptors that influence motility –Drug resistance enzymes such as beta- lactamase

Answer 117

* Closely related to IS elements. * Carry a variety of genes, especially antibiotic resistance genes. * Three Types * A. Auxiliary genes flanked by IS elements * ex. Cmr transposon Tn9 * B. No IS flanking elements. Contains 2 genes, Transposase and Resolvase. * Ex. Beta lactamase Tn3 * C. Conjugative Transposons in Streptococcus •

Answer 118

* Uptake of “naked” (NO PROTEINS) , fragmented bacterial DNA. * Competency of bacterial cells (bacterial cells have to be competent to take up the DNA) * Mechanism * absorption * •entry * •incorporation * •G+ cells get ss DNA * •G- cells get dsDNA but integrate only 1 strand

Answer 119

Haemophilus, Neisseria, Klebseilla, Streptococcus, E.coli and Bacillus

Answer 120

Can be found in both

Answer 121

• Diphtheria toxin inhibits protein synthesis • It's an a and b toxin It's activity is an ADPR & it's substrate is EF-2, when they are together, it's inactive so protein synthesis is inhibited ▪ ○ A stands for activity • The b portion binds to the receptor and the a portion is taken in

Answer 122

* Loss of regulation * Overgrowth of gram negative bacteria * Flora disruption * Physiological imbalance * Gardrenella vaginalis * Bacteroides species, * Mobiluncus species * Occurs when the normal balance of bacteria in the vagina is disrupted and replaced by an overgrowth of certain bacteria. * Common in pregnant women and women of child-bearing age * accompanied by white or gray discharge, fishy-smelling odor, pain, itching, or burning urination. * Increased risks include douching; new or multiple sexual partners •

Answer 123

You also have bacteria that have neurotoxins, which prevent the transmission of the electrical signals that cause either muscle contraction or muscle relaxation

Answer 124

* Bacteroides fragilis * Fusobacterium nucleatum * E. coli * Clostridium difficile * Lactobacillus acidophilus and other species

Answer 125

They use a lot of enzymes. especially hydrolytic enzymes

Answer 126

Single bacillus - E. coli (diarrhea, septicemia, UTI), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (in cystic fibrosis, burn trauma); Lactobacillus species; Clostridium perfringes (myonecrosis, gangrene) Coccobacillus - Bordetella pertussis (whooping cough) - Hemophilus influenzae (childhood meningitis) Vibrio (curved) - Vibrio cholera (profuse diarrhea) Spirillum (spiral) - Borellia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) Spirochete (cork screw) - Treponema pallidum (syphilis) Branched Filamentous (Nocardia, Actinomyces)

Answer 127

The Operon, Transcriptional Control * lac, trp Catabolite Repression: lac Attenuation, Post-Transcriptional Control * trpL Translational Control Regulons * SOS System * Sigma Factors * DtxR

Answer 128

Natural barriers/exterior defenses Innate antigen-nonspecific defenses -rapid, local responses (fever, complement, inflammation, phagocytosis, cytokines) Acquired (adaptive) antigen-specific responses -specifically target microbial pathogens that pass through first two defenses (antibodies, B and T cells)

Answer 129

E. coli, followed by Klepsiella

Answer 130

bacterial infection parasitic infection or allergy intracellular infection like viral or fungal infection allergic reaction

Answer 131

A metabolic process that consumes sugar in the absence of oxygen. The products are organic acids, gases, or alcohol. It occurs in yeast andbacteria, and also in oxygen-starved muscle cells

Answer 132

–cells to produce abnormal amounts of cellular products (cytokines) that normally regulate vascular permeability, blood pressure, blood coagulation and immune responses

Answer 133

By inhibiting cross linkaages of peptidoglycan units

Answer 134

Calcium; dipicolinic acid

Answer 135

direct repeat (both sides), inverted repeat (both sides) , and the core area encoding for transposase genes which will move the gene

Answer 136

•Enzymatic lysis alpha toxin—Clostridium perfringes • Pore formation alpha hemolysin — Staph aureus •Protein synthesis inhibition (80s ribosome) diphtheria & shigella toxins •Nerve-muscle transmission-inhibition tetanus toxin-spastic paralysis botulinum toxin-flaccid paralysis

Answer 137

Quinolenes Metronidazole Clofazimine

Answer 138

* Can insert into new sites on the same or a different chromosome (replicon). * Can NOT replicate autonomously. * Contains a single gene that codes for Transposase. * Most have a similar structure (~1,000bp) * Deletions, duplications, translocations and fusions. * Requires little specificity for the DNA sequence in which it inserts. **Insertion sequences (IS's) are transposable elements whose only genes are directly related to promotion and regulation of their transposition,** * Ends contain inverted repeats of 10-50bp. * Mycobacterium tuberculosis IS 16100.

Answer 139

–Osmotic barrier (fig. 3-8) –Electron transport and energy production –Ion pumps for membrane potential –Anchor for cell wall biosynthesis –Chemotaxis and flagella activity –Transport of molecules (proteins) –Actin-like protein filaments for bacterial shape –Site of septum formation

Answer 140

* Lysosomal enzyme degradation * Oxidative / Respiratory Burst _Hydrolytic Enzymes_ * Lysozyme * Lactoferrin * Collagenase * Acid phosphatase * Cationic proteins

Answer 141

Phenotypic, analytic, and genotypic

Answer 142

Lactic Acid Significance:In the mouth and oral cavities, Lactobacillus plays a role in the formation of dental carries

Answer 143

It is many up of aminosugars Aminosugars have been exploited to create antibiotics that can tag and destroy it

Answer 144

-IL-1, once produced will get into circulation and travel to the hypothalamus where it will upregulate the thermal center to increase the body's temperature, thereby causing a fever. The extent of the fever will be directly proportional to the amount of LPS in circulation that is stimulating the macrophages. A low level will lead to a slight discomfort, a higher amount will lead to a higher fever. - TNF-alpha can also go to the liver and induce the liver to release less sugar into circulation in order to deprive the pathogens of needed nutrients for their metabolism and proliferation ○ It also downregulates the release of iron into circulation. ALL organisms require iron for their multiplication/metabolism. This is done in an effort to impede bacterial multiplication ○ TNF-alpha does lot more. It will go to the endothelial cells and increase the production of adhesion molecules on the endothelial cells (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1). The upregulation of these two adhesion molecules will increase permeability of the vasculature and will allow fluid to leak out of blood circulation. Leakage will lead to a drop in BP (hypotension) - Alternative complement pathway activation: leading to production of C3a and C5a which will also increase vascular permeability and contribute to onset of hypotension. - Clotting cascade: LPS can also induce the clotting pathway, which leads to intravascular coagulation. Blood clots in circulation will prevent essential organs from receiving nutrients and oxygen from the blood-a lack of these two will cause ultimate failure (multiple organ failure will then lead to septic shock. If not reversed, you will die from it. - IgE- LPS can also induce production of IgE which will bind to mast cells and cause their degranulation leading to release of histamine and serotonin. These two will also contribute to the increasing of vascular permeability.

Answer 145

metabolic activity; pathogenicity

Answer 146

* The premature termination of transcripts * Itself allows for a 600 fold range in expression of tryptophan genes * All due to the TrpL region * Within the gene for TrpL is an attenuator sequence called the attenuator site * This is a second regulatory region, which allows attenuation to occur

Answer 147

Shigella Mycobacteria, Salmonella, Neisseria, Chlamydia viruses

Answer 148

diabetic ulcers ; amputation

Answer 149

ATP, ADP PEP PFK

Answer 150

Rifampin Rifabutin

Answer 151

* The lac repressor is a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that Negatively regulates the expression of the lac operon structural genes. * trans-acting element * Inactivated by lactose * When an inducer such as lactose or allolactose is present, it binds to the repressor. In this form it cannot bind to the DNA operator sequence and RNA polymerase is free to bind and activate transcription of the lac operon.

Answer 152

Oxygen-dependent- When a phagocyte ingests bacteria (or any material), its oxygen consumption increases. The increase in oxygen consumption, called a respiratory burst, produces reactive oxygen-containing molecules that are anti-microbial. The oxygen compounds are toxic to both the invader and the cell itself, so they are kept in compartments inside the cell. * Type I * oxygen-dependent production of a superoxide, which is an oxygen-rich bacteria-killing substance. The superoxide is converted to hydrogen peroxide and singlet oxygen by an enzyme called superoxide dismutase. Superoxides also react with the hydrogen peroxide to produce hydroxyl radicals, which assist in killing the invading microbe * Type II * involves the use of the enzyme myeloperoxidase from neutrophil granules. When granules fuse with a phagosome, myeloperoxidase is released into the phagolysosome, and this enzyme uses hydrogen peroxide and chlorine to create hypochlorite, a substance used in domestic bleach. Hypochlorite is extremely toxic to bacteria. Oxygen- independent * not as effective as the oxygen-dependent ones. * There are four main types. The first uses electrically charged proteins that damage the bacterium's membrane. The second type uses lysozymes; these enzymes break down the bacterial cell wall. The third type uses lactoferrins, which are present in neutrophil granules and remove essential iron from bacteria.The fourth type uses proteases and hydrolytic enzymes; these enzymes are used to digest the proteins of destroyed bacteria.

Answer 153

3 genes lacZ , lacY and lacA, a promoter, operator and terminator. All are co-transcribed to make a single mRNA. Each gene is independently translated into protein from the same mRNA. This is called a poly-cistronic or polygenic mRNA. Gene expression is controlled transcriptionally by an adjacent gene called lacI. lacI has its own promoter and terminator so is not part of the lac operon.

Answer 154

Bacillus anthracis

Answer 155

Gram Negative

Answer 156

• Extracellular enzymes –Hyaluronidase dissolves connective tissue –Collagenase hydrolyses muscle connective tissue –Streptokinase lyses blood clots –Phospholipases damage cell membranes –Lecithinase damages cell membranes –Staphylokinase (fibrinolysin) dissolves fibrin clots \_ Hemolysins lyse erythrocytes and white blood cells

Answer 157

generally consist of two copies of the same IS element flanking variable amounts of other DNA sequences coding for one or several genes with diverse functions. The best known transposons are those which were discovered as parts of antibiotic resistance plasmids

Answer 158

Glycan chains of GlcNac and MurNac cross-linked by peptide bridges Thicker in gram positive bacteria

Answer 159

Bacteria that contain exotoxins that work through pore formation will punch a hole in the membrane, which causes cell death

Answer 160

Pairs (Dipplococci) Chains (Streptococci) Clusters (Staplococci)

Answer 161

TLR-2 AND TLR-4

Bacterial Cells Flashcards

(193 cards)