bacterial classification

Question 1

define taxonomy

Answer 1

science dealing with the classification of living organisms

Question 2

deine nomenclature

Answer 2

refers to a system where organisms are classified

ex:kingdom, division, class, order, family, genus, species

Question 3

what is the scientific name?

Answer 3

genus and species

Question 4

what are the rules to a binomial system?

Answer 4

underline genus and species, capitalize Genus name only, small letter for species name
ex: Escherichia coli (underlined)

Question 5

what could the nomenclature reflect?

Answer 5

name of discoverer, habitat, morphology, physiology of microorganisms

Question 6

compare and contrast gram (+) bacteria stain and gram (-) bacteria stain

Answer 6

gram (+): 1-4% lipid ; destain alcohol(95%) acetone(5%)

gram (-): 10-25% lipid

Question 7

what is the acid fast staining based on?

Answer 7

mycolic acid in cell wall

Question 8

what is an example of acid fast staining?

Answer 8

microbacterium

• tuberculosis
• leprosy

Question 9

what are phototrophs?

Answer 9

a mode of obtaining energy (light)

Question 10

what are chemotrophs?

Answer 10

a mode of obtaining energy (energy from chemical reactions)

Question 11

what are organotrophs?

Answer 11

organic proteins

Question 12

what are lithotrophs?

Answer 12

inorganic proteins

Question 13

what temp do psychrophiles like?

Answer 13

“cold loving” 15-20*C

ex: marine bacteria

Question 14

what temp do mesophiles like?

Answer 14

“middle loving” 35-40*C

ex: pathogens

Question 15

what temp do thermophiles like?

Answer 15

“heat loving” 50-60*C

ex: archaeobacteria

Question 16

how much O2 does aerobic require?

Answer 16

16%

Question 17

how much O2 does microaerophilics require?

Answer 17

w/ or w/o, 6-10%

Question 18

how much O2 does facultative anaerobes require?

Answer 18

0-21%

Question 19

how much O2 does anaerobes require?

Answer 19

lack of O2

Question 20

what is the biochemical/physiological characteristics based on?

Answer 20

on the ability of a microbe to synthesize or not synthesize a specific enzyme

Question 21

what is serology?

Answer 21

science that deals with blood serum (antibodies) and immunology

Question 22

what are antibodies?

Answer 22

serum proteins produced by body from exposure to antigens, which bind specifically to those antigens

Question 23

what are antigens?

Answer 23

anything foreign to body and stimulates production of antibodies

Question 24

what is the purpose of DNA based composition?

Answer 24

to determine the % Guanine-Cytosine nitrogen base composition of DNA

Question 25

what does G pair with? what about A?

Answer 25

G-C | A-T

Question 26

what is the theory of DNA base composition?

Answer 26

similar organisms have similar genes and therefore similar % G-C ratios

Question 27

what is the purpose of DNA hybridization?

Answer 27

to determine the sequences of nucleotide bases

Question 28

what is the theory of DNA hybridization?

Answer 28

similar organisms have similar sequences of nucleotide bases

Question 29

what happens when you heat DNA?

Answer 29

one type of DNA complementary DNA strands break apart (denatured) hydrogen bonds are broken

Question 30

what happens when you cool DNA

Answer 30

2 DNA strands re-associate | double helix forms (b/c of complementary base pairing)

Question 31

If 2 organisms are related than the sequences of bases on each DNA molecule will be_____________________

Answer 31

complementary to each other and the 2 different DNA molecules re-associate

Question 32

what is bacterial recombination?

Answer 32

the exchange of DNA from one bacteria to another through a pili (look @ H diagram on pg 5 packet)

Question 33

what is the theory of bacterial recombination?

Answer 33

common to closely related organisms

Question 34

what is r-RNA base sequencing?

Answer 34

sequence of r-RNA bases reflect sequence of bases on DNA molecule

Question 35

what is amino acid sequencing?

Answer 35

amino acid sequences of the same protein taken from 2 different microbes reflect sequences of bases on the different DNA molecules

Question 36

what is protein analysis?

Answer 36

focuses on all proteins of an organism to obtain a protein profile

Question 37

what is fatty acid analysis?

Answer 37

analysis of fatty acids in cell wall, cell membrane and as waste products *similar microbes make up similar fatty acids

Question 38

who came up with the 2 kingdom classification? and what are the 2 kingdoms?

Answer 38

Whittaker ; plant and animal kingdom

Question 39

what are the 5 kingdom classification by Whittaker?

Answer 39

``` kingdom monera/procaryotae kingdom protista kingdom fungi kingdom plantae kingdom animalia ```

Question 40

what is in Whittaker's kingdom monera?

Answer 40

all prokaryotes (eubacteria, archaeobacteria, B-G algae, cyanobacteria

Question 41

what is in Whittaker's kingdom protista?

Answer 41

all unicellular eukaryotes (protozoans and unicellular algae)

Question 42

what is in Whittaker's kingdom plantae?

Answer 42

all mosses, ferns, higher plants

Question 43

what is in Whittaker's kingdom fungi?

Answer 43

all fungi (yeasts and molds)

Question 44

what is in Whittaker's kingdom animalia?

Answer 44

all multicellular, higher animals

Question 45

who modified Whittaker's 5 kingdoms? And what does he call it?

Answer 45

Bergey's ; Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology: Three Kingfdom Classification ("bible of bacteria")

Question 46

what are the three kingdoms in Bergey's manual?

Answer 46

Kingdom prokaryotae kingdom plantae kingdom animalia

Question 47

what is in Bergey's kingdom prokaryotae (division 1)?

Answer 47

Blue-Green algae/cyanobacteria

Question 48

what is in Bergey's kingdom prokaryotae (division 2)?

Answer 48

bacteria (cyanobacteria and archaeobacteria)

Question 49

what is in Bergey's kingdom plantae?

Answer 49

eukaryotes - fungi (molds and yeasts) - true algae

Question 50

what is in Bergey's kingdom animalia?

Answer 50

eukaryotes | -protozoans (unicellular animals)

Question 51

what doesn't belong to ANY kingdom?

Answer 51

viruses

Question 52

what consists of division 1 of Bergey's prokaryotae kingdom?

Answer 52

- aerobic - photosynthetic app.= thylakoids - photosynthetic pigment= chlorophyll a - lipids and r-RNA are similar to eubacteria - binary fission, fragmentation - heterocyst- allow for nitrogen fixation

Question 53

what consists of division 2 (Eubacteria) of Bergey's prokaryotae kingdom?

Answer 53

- has peptidoglycan - lipids and r-RNA is similar to B-G algae/cyanobacteria - binary fission - spores (bacillus-aerobic and clostridium-anaerobic)

Question 54

what consists of division 2 (Photosynthetic bacteria only) of Bergey's prokaryotae kingdom?

Answer 54

- anaerobic - photosynthetic app=chromatophores - photosynthetic pigment=bacteriochlorophyll - release CO2

Question 55

what consists of division 2 (Archaeobaceria- Primitive) of Bergey's prokaryotae kingdom?

Answer 55

- no peptidoglycan - lipids and r-RNA are diff. from eubacteria or cyanobacteria - habitat is adverse/harsh

Question 56

DNA molecules and RNA molecules are similar in what way?

Answer 56

both have nitrogen bases

Question 57

what is an example of a biochemical test?

Answer 57

starch test starch -amylase-> 1,000's of glucose = pos test no amylase = neg test

Question 58

what is made to make RNA? what is used to make proteins?

Answer 58

DNA is used to make RNA, RNA is used to make proteins

Question 59

what are the 2 approaches to bacterial classification?

Answer 59

classical and numerical taxonomy

Question 60

which approach to bacterial classification is biased? unbiased?

Answer 60

classical approach is biased, numerical taxonomy is unbiased