Bacterial Diseases

Question 1

What is Bacillus anthracite and its two life stages?

Answer 1

Anthrax
Vegetative: inside bodies; causes diseases
Spore: in environment; dormant/does not cause disease

Question 2

What does sporulation require? What are spores?

Answer 2

-poor nutrients
- presence of o2

-very resistant
-survive for decades
- taken up by host and germinate

Question 3

What is cutaneous anthrax?

Answer 3

• 95% of all cases globally
• incubation: 2-3 days
  -Spores enter body thru open wound
• fatality rate 20%
• untreated- sptecimia and death

Question 4

What is gastrointestinal anthrax?

Answer 4

• incubation: 2-5 days
  -consumption of undercooked or contaminated meat
  -fatality rate: 25-75%
  -GI anthrax not documented in the US

Question 5

What is inhalation Anthrax?

Answer 5

-incubation 1-7 days
-initial phase: mild fever, not specific
Second phase: 2-3 days; severe respiratory distress, death in 24-36 hours
- fatality 95% untreated

Question 6

How to diagnose anthrax in humans?

Answer 6

• blood, skin, secretions
  -culture
  -pcr
  -nasal swab
  -Blood test (too late)
  -treatment: 60 days on antibiotics

Question 7

What occupations are at risk for anthrax?

Answer 7

-tanneries
-textile mills
-wool sorter
-bone processors
-slaughter house
-labs
-vet staff
-mail handler
-military
-emergency response teams

Question 8

Who gets anthrax vaccines?

Answer 8

-at rush groups; military, travelers
-5 injections over 18 week period
-annual booster

Question 9

How to tell if an animal has anthrax poisoning?

Answer 9

-bacteria present non hemorrhage from mouth, nose, and anus

Question 10

How do animals get anthrax?

Answer 10

-ingestion; most common in herbivores
-carnivores get it from eating contaminated meat
-inhalation
-cutaneous; insects

Question 11

Animal symptoms of anthrax? (Ruminants, equids, pigs, carnivores)

Answer 11

• tremors, asphyxiations, bloody discharges from orifices, bloat (sudden, violent death)
  -insect bites, fever, anorexia, colic, bloody diarrhea, swelling in neck, dyspnea, asphyxiation death (1-3 days)
  -anorexia, vomiting, throat swelling, asphyxiation death
  -mostly resistant but; fever anorexia, necrosis GI, head/neck edema, asphyxiation death

Question 12

Diagnosis and treatment of anthrax for animals?

Answer 12

-clinical signs, samples of blood
-antibiotics
-no necropsy spores spread!
-vaccines for livestock not pets
-vaccine for cheetah and rhino

Question 13

Disease control for animal anthrax?

Answer 13

-must be reported
-contaminated area and animals must be buried and burned
-rest of Hurd must be quarantined, possibly treated and vaccinated
-abandon pasture

Question 14

What is Listeria monocytogens? (Hosts, transmissions, animal/human clinical signs)

Answer 14

-mammals, birds, fish, insects, water, milk/cheese, feces, nasal discharge, soil, hay
- fecal to oral
- Animal: encephalitis, depression, in coordination, segregation, facial paralysis, abortion, mastitis, death
-Human: rarely get sick; flu like symptoms develop into confusion, in coordination, convulsions, meningitis, abortion

Question 15

Diagnosis and treatment of Listeria?

Answer 15

-Human: culture blood, spinal fluid, aborted fetus, can culture suspect food source
-Animal: brain culture of deceased
-antibiotics
- cook meat, pasteurize, avoid soft cheeses and smoked meat, hygiene

Question 16

Recent outbreak of Listeria in the US?

Answer 16

-2011
-contaminated cantaloupe
-147 sick
-33 died

Question 17

What is one of the most common zoonotic diseases in the world?

Answer 17

Leptospirosis

Question 18

What are the common hosts of Lepto?

Answer 18

-160 mammals and humans
-mainly: rodents, raccoons, skunks, squirrels, opossums, deer

Question 19

What is the transmission of Lepto?

Answer 19

Urine via water, soil,food

Question 20

Diagnoses/ treatment of Lepto?

Answer 20

• Human: flu like, complications, kidney, liver, heart, some recover without treatment, some cause critical illness
• Animal: pain, bloody urine, diarrhea, abortions, anemia, congestion
  -serology
  -antibiotics
  -vaccines, hygiene

Question 21

What is Brucella?

Answer 21

-very serious
-reproductive tract main source of infection
-bacteria can live 10 weeks in dust, soil, water
-4 species

Question 22

What is B. Abortus?

Answer 22

• usually in cattle, can be in, bison, camels, deer, horses, sheep, humans,
  -cause spontaneous abortions, testicular inflammation, arthritis
  -transmission; ingestion, STD

Question 23

What is B. Melitensis?

Answer 23

-sheep, goats
-late term abortions, mastitis
-ingestion

Question 24

What is B. Suis?

Answer 24

-pigs
-spontaneous abortions, testicular inflammation
-ingestion, STD

Question 25

What is B. Canis

Answer 25

-dogs -late term abortions, puppy death, testicular inflammation, paralysis -ingestion, STD -cats are immune

Question 26

What is Brucellosis in humans?

Answer 26

-unpasteurized products, direct contact, inhaling aerosol -flu like symptoms, weight loss, fever that spikes at night, testicular inflammation, spontaneous abortions -recovery is spontaneous over weeks or months -death rare

Question 27

Diagnosis/ treatment of Brucellosis?

Answer 27

-animal: serology, can’t treat -human: blood or fluid culture, antibiotics - not a problem in the US

Question 28

Coxiella Burnetii in animals? (Q Fever)

Answer 28

-Hosts: cattle sheep, goats, dogs,cats, sometimes ticks -birthing fluid, placenta, milk, urine, feces, inhalation, ingestion -animals are mainly asymptomatic carriers -abortions/difficult birth rare

Question 29

What is Q fever in humans?

Answer 29

-infects half of those exposed -flu like symptoms, confusion, hepatitis, endocarditis, acute of chronic -serology -antibiotics, anti malaria drugs -no vaccine, practice good hygiene

Question 30

What is Tuberculosis?

Answer 30

-#1 cause of death in the world -US has good control other countries don’t

Question 31

What is mycobacterium?

Answer 31

-tuberculosis -aerosolized from lungs -lungs main organ affected, other organs can be affected -can be fatal

Question 32

What is M. Tuberculosis?

Answer 32

- human reservoir/reverse zoonosis -cough, fever, chest pain, bloody phlegm -tb skin test -education, testing, hygiene

Question 33

What is M. Bovis?

Answer 33

-humans: ingestion of unpasteurized milk, raw cattle meat -cutaneous cuts -respiratory rare -Animals: cattle main reservoir host -ingestion, cutaneous scratches, aerosol, asymptomatic carriers occur -symptoms vary between species: *badgers can excrete it in urine and feces *deer hunters need to be aware and safe -skin tests in cattle/primates;serology -antibiotics -pasteurize, hygiene, education, surveillance programs