Bacterial Resistance, September 9th

Question 1

What are the main reasons why bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?

Answer 1

1. Mutation of the Drug Target
2. Antibiotic Breakdown
3. Antibiotic Modification
4. Antibiotic Efflux (Yeet)

Question 2

How many genes can Bacteria have compared to Humans?

Answer 2

Bacteria have 2-6000 genes compared to Humans with 25,000 genes

Question 3

How much Kb of genes does Bacteria have compared to Humans?

Answer 3

Bacteria have 2-6000 Kb compared to Humans with 3 million Kb

Question 4

How can Bacteria connect F+ to F- Cells to acquire antibiotic resistance?

Answer 4

Pilus

Question 5

What are Insertion Sequences?

Answer 5

They encode Transposase genes and flanked by inverted repeats

Question 6

What are Integrons?

Answer 6

Special class of Composite Elements carrying Gene Cassettes

Question 7

How many Cassettes do Integrons have?

Answer 7

5

Question 8

How many different Cassettes have been found?

Answer 8

60

Question 9

What do Transposons do?

Answer 9

1. Transfer genes between Plasmids
2. Transfer genes between Plasmids and Chromosomes
3. Pick up chromosomal genes
4. Conjugative transposons transfer from 1 cell to another

Question 10

Where do resistance genes originate?

Answer 10

1. Bacteria in environment have co-evolved
2. Antibiotics are natural products
3. Synthetic Antimicrobials like Sulphonamides too.

Question 11

What does NR1 offer resistance to?

Answer 11

Chloramphenicol
Aminoglycosides
Sulphonamides
Tetracycline