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Tim's CP Board Review > Bacteriology > Flashcards

Bacteriology Flashcards

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1
Q

Blood culture collection

A

High-volume (~20mL), multiple over 24hrs (ideally 3+)

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2
Q

Gram stain (including quality checks)

A

Crystal violet, gram iodine, decolorizer, safranin

PMNs should be PINK. Also count squames on directly sampling (<10 to culture)

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3
Q

Specialized bacterial stains

A

Methylene blue: Stool polys, diphtheria
Wayson: Yersinia pestis
Acridine orange: For morphology in poorly-staining organisms

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4
Q

For what organisms are fluorescent antibodies available?

A

Legionella
Bordetella
Chlamydia

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5
Q

For what organisms are rapid EIAs available?

A

Pneumococcus (urine)
H. Pylori
Campylobacter
Legionella

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6
Q

Staph Aureus

A

Gram-positive cocci in clusters
Beta-hemolytic.
Catalase +. Slide coag +, Tube coag +

Virulence factors: PROTEIN A, exfoliatin, TSST, PVL, enterococci

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7
Q

Staph Epidermidis

A

Gram-positive cocci

Catalase +. Coagulase -. NOVOBIOCIN SENSITIVE

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8
Q

Staph Saprophyticus

A

Gram-positive cocci

Catalase -? Coagulase -. NOVOBIOCIN RESISTANT

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9
Q

Staph Haemolyticus

A

Gram-positive cocci.
Intrinsically vancomycin resistant.
Grows poorly on routine agar; grows well on Chocolate.

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10
Q

Staph Lugdunensis

A

Gram-positive cocci

Catalase +. Slide coagulase +, tube -.

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11
Q

Micrococci

A

Gram-positive cocci in TETRADS.
Catalase +
Microdase (modified oxidase) positive.
Non-glucose fermenter (unlike staph).

Yellow cultures (M. Luteus)

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12
Q

Rothia mucilaginosa

A

Gram-positive cocci.

Mucoid, sticky colonies.

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13
Q

Strep Pyogenes

A

Gram-positive cocci in chains.
Beta-hemolytic.
PYR+
Bacitracin-susceptible.

Intrinsically bactrim-resistant.

Virulence factors: M protein, capsule, streptolysin O (labile), S (stable).

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14
Q

Strep Agalactiae

A

Gram-positive cocci.
Beta-hemolytic.
CAMP test +.
Hippurate +.

Screen pregnant mothers with PCR or LIM/Carrot broth agar

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15
Q

Strep Pneumoniae

A

Group positive cocci in pairs.
Alpha-hemolytic.

Optochin sensitive. Bile sensitive/soluble.

Rapid urine antigen test available

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16
Q

Strep Viridans (and subgroups)

A

Gram-positive cocci.
Alpha-hemolytic.
Optochin-resistant.

Examples: Anginosus, constellatus, intermedius, and ABIOTRPHIA/GRANULICATELLA (nutritionally deficient)

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17
Q

Strep Bovis

A

Gram-positive cocci.
Gamma-hemolytic.

Colorectal carcinoma.

Bile resistant. Salt sensitive.

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18
Q

Aerococcus

A

Gram-positive cocci in TETRADS.
Coagulase -.
Alpha-hemolytic.

Urinae: PYR negative, LAP positive
Viridans: PYR positive, LAP negative

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19
Q

Leconostoc, pediococcus

A

Gram-positive cocci.

Rare pathogens, but intrinsically vancomycin resistant.

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20
Q

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

A

Gram-negative cocci.
Oxidase +
Ferments glucose only.

Hard to isolate&raquo_space; chocolate agar, direct gram stain, NAAT.

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21
Q

Neisseria Meningitidis

A

Gram-negative cocci in pairs.
Oxidase +.
Ferments maltose and glucose.
13 serovars. Vaccine covers A/C/Y/W135. B is poorly immunogenic.

Hard to grow&raquo_space; Chocolate agar.

Chemoprophlax close contacts (rifampin)

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22
Q

Moraxella catarrhalis

A 
Gram-negative cocci.
Oxidase +. Indoxyl butyrate +. 
Does not ferment (asaccharolytic).
Hockey-puck motility.
Intrinsically ampicillin resistant.
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23
Q

Corynebacterium Diphtheria

A

Gram-positive pleomorphic bacilli.
Catalase+
UIncommon. Toxin producing&raquo_space; ELEK TEST
Grows on tellurite/tinsdale agar.

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24
Q

Corynebacterium, other than diphtheria

A

Jeikeium: Broad intrinsic resistances. Associated with indwelling devices
Urealyticum: Broad intrinsic resistances. Urease+&raquo_space; Struvite stones in UTI.

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25
Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
Gram-positive coccobacillus Beta-hemolytic Resembles TAS, but REVERSE CAMP TEST positive
26
Listeria monocytogenes
``` Gram-positive bacillus. Beta-hemolytic. Catalase + Cold, aerophilic. Bile esculin sensitive Intrinsically resistant to cephalosporin. ```
27
Erysipelothrix
Pigs, erysipeloid skin infections. Esculin negative? Hydrogen sulfide-producing. Intrinsically vancomycin resistant.
28
Bacillus anthracis
Gram-positive bacillus. Sporulating. Aerobic. Nonhemolytic. NONMOTILE. Tenacious colonies with border projections
29
Bacillus cereus
Gram-positive bacillus. Sporulating. Aerobic. Beta-hemolytic and motile. Produces heat-labile and heat-stable toxins.
30
Enterobacteraceae
Gram-negative rods, facultative anaerobes, glucose-fermenting. Lactose fermenters: Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Entero/Citrobacter Non-lactose fermenters: Salmonella, Shigella, Serratia, Yersinia
31
Escherichia Coli
Indole +, Citrate -. Oxidase-. Lactose fermenter (PINK) Slant: A/A with gas O157:H7 - Sorbitol MacConkey agar, produces verotoxin
32
Klebsiella
Enterobacteriaceae. Lactose fermenter (PINK) Variable biochemical features depending on species. Mucoid colonies, thick mucopolysaccharide capsule.
33
Enterobacter, Citrobacter
Enterobacter: Lactose-fermenter (PINK). Indole -. Citrobacter: Non-lactose-fermenter (CLEAR). Citrate +.
34
Proteus
``` Enterobacteriaceae Non-lactose fermenter (CLEAR). Urease+, H2S-producer. Swarming motility Vulgaris: Indole+ Milabilis: Indole-. ODC+ ```
35
Serratia
Enterobacteriaceae Brick-red colonies due to prodigiosin production Marsescens: DNAse+. Others not.
36
Salmonella
Enterobacteriaceae. Motile Non-lactose fermenters (clear) H2S producers (black on Hektoen) except Typhi O (wall), H (flagellum), Vi (capsule) antigens
37
Shigella
Enterobacteriaceae. Nonmotile Non-lactose fermenter (CLEAR). Non-H2S producer (Green on Hektoen) Slant: K/A. Species: A (dysenteriae), B (Flexneri), C (Boydii), D (Sonnei - common)
38
Yersinia
``` Enterobacteriaceae Non-lactose fermenter (CLEAR) Enterocolitica is cold-lover, TTI Safety-pin morphology with methylene blue CIN agar for Y. Enterocolitica Salmon on Hektoen ```
39
Plesiomonas Shigelloides
Gram-negative bacillus, weak pathogen. Associated with cold-blooded animals.
40
Vibrio
Gram-negative bacillus. Comma shaped, motile. Oxidase+, glucose-fermenter. Lactose-fermenter? Halophilic; grows on TCBS agar (yellow) Species: Cholera, Vulnificus (BAD), parahaemolyticus
41
Aeromonas
Gram-negative bacillus. Water-associated. Beta-hemolytic. Oxidase, indole+. Leeches
42
Chromobacterium
Gram-negative bacillus. Water associated. | Produces hydrogen cyanide.
43
Glucose non-fermenters
Pseudomonas Stenotrophomonas Acinetobacter Burkholderia
44
Pseudomonas
Gram-negative bacillus. Oxidase+, catalase+ Green diffusible pigment. Grape odor. Can grow at 42 C.
45
Stenotrophomonas
Gram-negative bacillus. Oxidase-negative. Motile. Expresses extracellular DNase Sensitive to bactrim
46
Acinetobacter
Gram-negative coccobacillus Oxidase-negative. Catalase+??? Nonmotile Extensively antibiotic resistant.
47
Burkholderia
Gram-negative bacilli. Oxidase weakly +. Cepacia: Lysine decarboxylase. CF. Pseudomallei: Melioidosis Mallei: Glanders, rare skin infxn
48
Haemophilus
Gram-negative coccobacillus. Fastidious. Influenzae: Many serovars. Needs X+V. Aprophilus: Needs nothing. Parainfluenzae: Needs V. Ducreyi: Needs X.
49
Capnocytophaga
Gram-negative, long fusiform filamentous bacteria Gliding motility. Oxidase+ Dog bites
50
Pasteurella
Gram-negative bacilli. Oxidase+ Animal bites (especially cat) Won't grow on MacConkey. Universally sensitive to penicillin.
51
Bordetella
Gram-negative bacillus Difficult to culture, best identified with PCR, DFA. Collect sample early. Grows on Regan-Lowe / Bordet-Gengou agar
52
Brucella
Gram-negative bacillus. Zoonotic infections. Melitensis (sheep), abortus (cattle), suis (sheep), canis (dogs). Undulant fever. Usually diagnosed with serology. Characeristically strong urease, oxidase, and catalase reactivity.
53
Francisella
Gram-negative bacillus Deerfly vector, rodent reservoir. Causes ulceroglandular disease. Requires cysteine to culture. Oxidase and urease negative.
54
Legionella
Gram-negative bacillus Diagnosed with DFA or urine antigen testing. Or serology. Cultured on BCYE agar (needs cysteine)
55
Bartonella
Gram-negative bacillus Quintana - Trench fever Henselae - Cat-scratch disease Fastidious, needs chocolate agar. Diagnose with serology or NAT.
56
Campylobacter
``` Gram-negative gullwings. Need selective media (Campy CVA). Rapid EIA available Jejuni - Hippurate positive Fetus - Hippurate negative. ```
57
H. Pylori
Gram-negative curved organism Urease+. Diagnose with stool PCR (better than antigen test or culture). Urease breath test. Don't bother with serology.
58
Mycoplasma, ureaplasma
No cell wall. Mycoplasma: Causes atypical pneumonia. Microscopic fried-egg colonies. Ureaplasma: Causes genital tract infections. Raspberry colonies.
59
Chlamydia trachomatis
Intracellular bacterium. Causes Trachoma, genital infection, LGV. Culture requires a cell line. Use NAT/IF instead. Elementary body is infectious, reticulate body is replicative.
60
Rickettsia
Transmitted by Dermacentor tick, causes RMSF Diagnose by DFA, PCR, or serology. Historical: Weil-Felix reaction
61
Coxiella
Zoonotic infection with no vector. Causes Q fever (Acute: Phase II IgM/IgG. Chronic: Phase I and II IgM/IgG) Fibrin ring granulomas, endocarditis
62
Ehrlichia / Anaplasma
Intracellular gram-negative (monocytes) Elementary body (infectious), reticulate body (replicative) Transmitted by Amblyomma / Ixodes ticks, respectively
63
Borrelia
``` Lyme (burgdorferi) Relapsing fever (recurrentis) ``` Loose coils in peripheral blood smear. Ixodes (deer) tick Serology or direct visualization dx. PCR not often used.
64
Leptospira
Spirochetal organism contracted through water exposure. Rodents normal host. Presents with systemic features. Diagnose with serology, darkfield microscopy
65
Treponema
Diagnose with darkfield microscopy, treponemal >> nontreponemal tests. Increasing in MSM population VDRL test of choice for CSF
66
Bacteroides
Anerobic, gram-negative pleomorphic Fragilis: #1 anaerobe of abdominal infections Ureolyticus: Pits agar. H&N infections.
67
Prevotella
Anaerobic gram-negative bacillus Oral cavity mucosae, GI tract. Black pigment on kanamycin-vancomycin agar. Red fluorescence?
68
Fusobacterium
Anaerobic, filamentous bacterium. Causes H&N infections. Nucleatum: Pointed end Necrophorum: Pleomorphic, aggressive. Lipase+
69
Anaerobic cocci
Peptostreptococcus: Gram-positive Veillonella: Gram-negative
70
Cuti/propionibacterium acnes
Skin commensal. Causes joint infections.
71
Clostridium species
Botulinum: Wound infection > infant botulism Tetani: Spores >> tetanospasmin Septicum: Colorectal carcinomas Difficile: A and B cytotoxins >> PCR gene better than EIA. Perfringens: Double-layer hemolysis. Many toxins.
72
Enterococcus
Gram-positive cocci. Variable hemolysis, usually gamma. Faecalis (arabinose negative) more common than faecium (arabinose positive)
73
Slant agar
Butt - Glucose Slant - Lactose or sucrose Starts as red; indicator turns yellow with acidity.
74
Molecular strain typing
Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (RFLP method?)
75
Gardnerella
Small, gram-negative (or variable)_
76
Catalase
Positive: Staph, Micrococcus, Listeria
77
Novobiocin
Staph epidermidis - Sensitive | Staph saprophyticus - Resistant
78
Optochin
Pneumococcus - Sensitive | Strep viridans - Resistant
79
CAMP test
Positive: GBS, Listeria
80
Reverse CAMP test
Positive: Arcanobacterium, C. Perfringens
81
Bacitracin
Group A strep - Sensitive | Group B strep - Resistant
82
Hippurate
Positive: GBS, Campylobacter jejuni (not fetus)

Tim's CP Board Review (16 decks)

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