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BACTERIOLOGY > Bacteriology > Flashcards

Bacteriology Flashcards

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1
Q

Bacteria are prokaryote and binary fussion

A

T

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2
Q

Bacteria

  1. Size
  2. Smallest
  3. Largest
  4. Longest
A
  1. .4-2 um
  2. Mycoplasma
  3. B. anthracis
  4. Borrelia
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3
Q

1.Spore contains
2. Spore forming org.
3. Terminal swollen spores
4. Central
5. Sagged terminal
6. Dye for spore
7. Color of spore

A
  1. Dipicolinic acid
  2. Bacillus, clostridium
  3. T. tetani
  4. B. athracis
  5. C. botulinum
  6. Scaheffer and fulton
  7. Greef - malachite green (red bg - safranin)
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4
Q
  1. Pili aka (usually gram neg)
  2. VF pili - attaches to host - 1st step infectiom
  3. Gene conjugation
A
  1. Fimbriae
  2. Common pili (n. gonorrhea)
  3. Sex pili (e.coli)
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5
Q

Prevents phagocytosis - present in s. pyogenes and mycobacterium

A

Cell wall
1. M protein - s. pyo
2. Mycolic - mycob

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6
Q

Capsule

  1. Capsular swelling test
  2. Polysaccharide capsule
  3. Hyaloronic acip capsule
  4. Polyribosyl ribitiol phosphate
  5. Alginate capsule
A
  1. Neufeld quellung
  2. S. pneumoniae, K. pneumoniae, N. meningitis
  3. Pastuerella multocada
  4. H. influenza
  5. P. argeuginosa

Capsule - responsible for mucoid colonies

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7
Q
  1. Presumptive test for listeria (tumbling)
  2. Flagella stain
  3. C. Media
    • result
A
  1. Hanging drop
  2. Grays, leifson
  3. SIM
  4. Growth outside the line

Spiral org -axial/periplasmic flagella
Other tumbling - p. multocada

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8
Q

Movement of non motile

A

Brownian

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9
Q

2 mtds can kill spores

responsible for resistance

A
  1. Incineration
  2. Glutaraldehyde (3-10hrs)
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10
Q

Biological Indicator

  1. Chemical mtd
  2. Ionizing radiation
  3. Oven
  4. Autoclaving
A
  1. B. subtilis var globijii
  2. B. pumilus
  3. B. subtilis
  4. B. stearothermophilus
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11
Q
  1. Twitching motility
  2. Gliding/sliding motility
  3. Darting motility
  4. Shooting star motility
  5. Corkscrew motility

twitch/glinde - due to pilose not flagella

A
  1. k. kingae
  2. Campylobacter spp.
  3. C. gingivalis
  4. V. cholera
  5. L. monocytogenes

  1. C. mesnili in para
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12
Q
  1. Inclusion bodies function
  2. IB in c. diptheriae
  3. M. tuberculosis
  4. C. trachomatis
  5. Amoeba
A
  1. Nutrient/food storage
  2. Babes ernst bodies volutin
  3. Granules
  4. Halberstaedter prowazek glycogen
  5. Chromatoidal bodies
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13
Q

cause neurological dse, mad cow dse, creutzfeld jacob syndrome, bovine spongiform encephalopathy

A

prions

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14
Q

DETECT THE PRESENCE OF ENDOTOXIN IN BODY FLUIDS

use aqueous extract of horseshoe crabs
+ clumping

A

Limulus lysate test

exo - protein
endo - lipopolysaccharide

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15
Q
  1. uptake of naked/free dna
  2. acquire dna from bacteriophage (virus infects bacteria)
  3. miniature chromosome, vf, R - antibiotics
A
  1. transformation
  2. transduction
  3. plasmid
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16
Q

Category for each bioterrorism:

1.C
2.A

A
  1. hanta and nipah virus - emerging, can be engineered for mass spread
  2. b. anthracis, c. botulinum, y. pestis, f. tularensis - easily transmitted, high mortality
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17
Q

moist heat - fractional sterilization

  1. 100 c - 30mins, 3 days, arnold sterilizer, flowing steam
  2. 75-80 c - 2 hrs, 3 days, inc. protein - lowenstein jensen, evaporation

dry heat - incineration (870-980c), oven (160-180c), cremation, flaming

A
  1. tyndallization
  2. inspissation
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18
Q
  1. chemical sterilants aka
  2. most used chemical sterilant for materials that cannot be autoclaved
  3. for surgical instruments, cold sterilization
  4. sterilize hepa filters
A
  1. biocides
  2. ethylene oxide
  3. peracetic acid
  4. formaldehyde vapor, vapor hydrogen peroxide
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19
Q

Antiseptics - skin only

  1. most commons
  2. best antiseptic
  3. for wounds
  4. iodine form
A
  1. 70% ethyl alcohol
  2. iodophor
  3. 10% hydrogen peroxide
  4. iodine tincture (alcohol), iodophor (detergent)
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20
Q

disinfectants - surfaces only

  1. for blood spillage
  2. contact for hbv
  3. for hiv
  4. standard disinfectants (high conc) - hospital use
A
  1. 1:10 sodium hypochlorite
  2. 10 mins
  3. 2 mins
  4. phenols - lysol, carbolic acid
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21
Q

blood bag contaminant
1. rt
2. y. enterolitica, serratia, p. fluorescence at what temp.

A
  1. s. epidermidis, b. cereus, c. acnes
  2. 4c

ace
self

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22
Q

blood pathogens

A
  • e.coli
  • p. aeruginosa
  • s. aureus - most common (sepsis)

cleanse - 70-95% alcohol - iodine scrub - alcohol rinse (chlorhexidine - subs)

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23
Q

preferred blood vol. for blood culture

  1. adult
  2. pedia
  3. infants
  4. emerg. - antibiotics asap
A
  1. > 20ml
  2. 1-20ml
  3. 1-5ml
  4. 40ml once

thiol broth/ard (mg sulfate) - if px is on antimicrobial

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24
Q

isolates for csf

A
  • s. pneumoniae
  • n. meningitides
  • h. influenzae
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25
# urine sample 1. cause of uti in young female 2. uti in older/ w/ catheter 3. uti in pedia 4. uti w/ recent sexual intercourse 3. colony ct = uti
1. e.coli 2. klebsiella, e. faecalis 3. s. epidermidis 4. s. saprophyticus 3. >100,000
26
bartlett's classification - <10 sec, >25pmn = true sputum
t
27
1. gold std for digestion and decontamination - m. tb 2. for p. aeruginosa, proteus
1. n-acetyl-l-cysteine (dige) w/ 5% sodium hydroxide - naoh (decon) 2. 5% oxalic acid
28
# throat swab/nasophargyngeal swab 1. major throat pathogen 2. normal throat flora 3. naso detects - ; identify - 4. swab for bacterial 5. swab for viral
1. s. pyogenes 2. viridans strep 3. detect - n. meningitidis ; identigy - h. influenzae, b. pertussis 4. dacron, calcium alginate 5. dacron, cotton, rayon fibers
29
# stool 1. git pathogens 2. sample for bacterial inxn 3. parasites infxn 4. media for stool culture
1. salmonella, shigella 2. 3 samples - 3 days 3. 3 samples - 10 days 4. emb, ssa, mac
30
gastric aspirate - collect early in morning and before meal - neutralized w/
sodium bicarbonate w/in 1hr
31
# stain 1. capsular stain 2. spore stain 3. flagella 4. metachromatic granules 5. polar bodies 6. spirochetes (borrelia - hema)
1. taylor, anthony, hiss, muir 2. schaeffer and fulton 3. grays, leifson 4. meth. blue, albert, neisser, burke 5. wayson, meth. blue 6. levaditi ## Footnote legionella, b. pertusis - immunofluorescence
32
# gram stain control 1. + 2. -
1. s. aureus 2. e.coli ## Footnote huckers modification = cv + ammonion oxalate - fungi +
33
modified afs - cryptosporidium - decolorizer
sulfuric acid ## Footnote common- 3% acid alcohol (ziehl/kinyoun), 0.5% acid alcohol (auramine-rhodamine)
34
acid fast org - difficult to stain and decolorize due to
mycolic acid/ hydroxymethoxy acid
35
# afs 1. diff. m. smegmatis - blue ; m. tuberculosis - red 2. diff. m. leprae - red ; m. tb - blue 3. det. m. leprae - red
1. pappenheim - urine 2. baumgartens - tissue 3. fite faraco
36
# transport media 1. for neisseria 2. stool pathogens 3. respiratory 4. viral transport media 5. for s. agalactiae
1. jember, transgrow 2. cary blair 3. amie 4. stuart 5. todd hewitt and lim broth w/ colistin nalidixic acid
37
antimicrobials - function of bactericidal (kills)
* penicilin * vancomycyin * quinolones * aminoglycosides
38
antimicrobials - function of bacteriostatic (inhibit)
* tetracyline * chloramphenicol * streptomycin * erythromycin ## Footnote 1st 2 are broad
39
# cell wall inhibitors 1. beta lactam 2. glycopeptide ## Footnote additional * cycloserine * bacitracin
1. penicilin, cephalorsporin, carbapenems, monobactam 2. teicoplanin, vancomycin (treat MRSA)
40
TOC for entero. infection
* aminoglycosides * sxt * cephalosporins
41
* target - bacterial enzyme * treat - uti
nitrofurantoin
42
* target - cell membrance function * for gram -
* polymyxin * colistin
43
* target - folic acid synthesis * treat - diarrhea, uti
sxt
44
# target - nuleic acid synthesis 1. fluoroquinolones 2. rifampicin
* ciproflaxacin (severe pneumonia) * ofloxacin * levofloxacin
45
# kirby bauer - disk diffusion (MHA) 1. ph 2. depth of agar ## Footnote E. coli * thymidine - minimal/absent * inc - false (R) P. aeruginosa * calcium (25mg/dl), mg (12mg/dl) * inc - dec. amino. (p. aeruginosa), tetra (all org)
1. 7.2-7.4 2. 3.5 mm ## Footnote False (S) * too thin * very dry False (R) * too thick * moist
46
# inoculum 1. subculture 2. incubate 3. compare with ____ to stdized the inoculum
1. 4-5 colonies tsb 2. 37c - 3-5hrs 3. 0.5 mcfarland ## Footnote mcfarland - 99.5ml 1% h2so4 (sulfuric acid) + .5ml 1.175% bacl2 (barium chloride)
47
# antibiotic disk 1. size 2. storage for working supply 3. storage for long term 4. storage for solutions
1. 6mm 2. 2-8c -ref 3. -20c - non frost 4. -70c - dilution mtd
48
# agar plate 1. size 150mm stock plates 2. size 100mm stock plates 3. distance of disk from center 4. distance between 2 disk 5. incubation 6. zoi measurement 7. if sxt (sulfonamides) create 2 concentric zones measure at
1. 12 plates 2. 5 plates 3. 24mm 4. 15mm 5. 35-37c for 16-18hrs 6. ruler/caliper 7. outer zones
49
# agar used for each fastidious org. 1. streptococci 2. mycobacterium 3. mrsa 4. n. gonorrhoeae 5. n. meningitidis 6. h. influenza 7. anaerobes
1. mha w/ 5% sheep's rbc 2. middlebrook (clear) 3. mha w/ 2% nacl 4. gc agar w/ supplements 5. 2.5% horse blood 6. htm 7. brucella agar w/ hemin
50
# automated sys. - detect growth at 1. uses rgt cards and chromogenic substrates - absorbance 2. thru spectrophotometric/fluorometric 3. fluorometric/colorimetric
1. vitek 2. walk away 3. phoenix
51
# tests performed 1. inducible clindamycin (2ug) resistance - means strong inducer to erythromycin (15ug)/methylase enzyme is present 2. (+) result 3. Activates (R) to clindamycin 1. strip, single antibiotic w/ diff. conc. aka mic on test 2. (+) result 1. aka schlicther test - effective on treatment 1. screening for entero but confirm w/ CarbaNP test and mCIM test 2. (+) result
1. d test 2. d zoi - (+) is resistant 3. erm gene 4. e test 5. ellipse zoi 6. serum bactericidial test 7. modified hodge test 8. clover leaf zoi
52
# prc steps 1. separates dna strands - 94-95c; 30-35secs 2. attach primer to dna - 40-45c; 30-1min 3. synthesis of new strands - 68-72c; 1-2min
1. denaturation 2. annealing 3. extension ## Footnote 3. use taq polymerase * mgcl - proper function * tris buffer - proper reaction
53
# ID of org 1. semi-auto - uses strips, microtubes w/ biochemical substrates (pure) 2. 2 automated, other is more rapid
1. api 20e, api 20a (analytical profile index) 2. vitek, maldi-tof (matrix assted laser desorption - time of light) - rapid
54
# gaspak jar -anaerobe 1. envelope contains -responsible for co2, h2 2. anaerobic indicator 3. uses wat catalyst - common error - inactivation due to repeated use
1. sodium bicarbonate (nacho3), sodium borohydride (nabh4) 2. meth. blue, resazurin (pink) 3. palladium catalyst ## Footnote colorless if no o2 boiling thioglycolate - drive off o2 (anaero, aero, facul)
55
# gs (gram -) 1. for b. pertussis 2. for legionella
1. 0.1% carbol fuchsin, 2mins 2. 0.2% carbol fuchsin
56
more susceptible to infections
warm moist skin
57
most common mtd in treating infectious waste
incineration
58
1. specimen for naat/pcr 2. traditional specimen for c. trichomatis
1. first morning urine 2. urethral swab ## Footnote naat - screening for c. trichomatis and n. gonorrhea
59
smooth, clay like
n. elongata
60
brittle, crumbly, wrinkled
nocardia
60
shiny half pearls on bap/ mercury droplet like
b. pertusis
60
butter, cream yellow
s. aureus
61
fried egg on bap
mycoplasma
62
greenish metallic sheen 1. emb 2. bap
1. e. coli 2. p. aeruginosa (serrated confluent growth - cetrimide)
63
blue pigmentation
kluyvera, proteus
64
swarming
* c. tenani * c. septicum
65
gun metallic black
c. diptherae
66
identifies hazardous task and promotes employee safety
exposure control plan
67
wat memorandum that states - diagnosis of tb - 2 samples in 1 day
doh memo. no. 2023-0021
68
# myco. tb. complex mtbc - unable to produce growth on media, croissant morphology
m. microti ## Footnote MAC TB M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum, M. microti, M. caprae.
69
* resembles m. tb * from hot water taps/contaminated water
m. xenopi
70
selective agar- gram (-) anaerobes
kvlb (kanamycin vancomycin laked blood agar)
71
1. m agar w/ arginine - phenol red for 2. u agar w/ urea - phenol red for
1. mycoplasma 2. ureaplasma
72
only NF produces h2s on kia/tsi
shewanella purefaciens
73
produces esbl (Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase) - (R) to antibiotics ## Footnote usually bowel org.
* e.coli * k. pneumoniae
74
1. mistaken as yersinia 2. routine stool culture for yersinia 3. best media for yersinia
1. proteus 2. mac 3. cin (Cefsulodin-Irgasan-Novobiocin) - selective for yersinia
75
diagnosis for lyme dse
sero (if or eia)
76
1. detects lipase lecinthinase production 2. (+) result
1. egg yolk/ mod. mc clung/ neomycin agar 2. opaque precipitate/ iridiscent sheen/ pearly layer
77
after id and ast for m. tb it is held for how many months
6 months
78
mycobacterium spp * (+) sub. skin - grow 30c
* m. ulcerans * m. marinum * m. haemophilum
79
# differential Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar (xld) * yellow colonies (fermenter) * red colonies w/ black centers * colorless colonies
* e. coli * salmonella * shigella ## Footnote xld - salmonella and shigella
80
# water bacteriology exam mutiple tube fermentation test (gold std) 1. presumptive test 2. confirmatory test 3. completed test
1. lauryl sulfate broth 2. brilliant green blue lactose broth 3. emb, na
81
catalase - false (+) if use colony from this media
bap
82
prosthetic heart valve infection due to slim or biofilm prod. of this org.
s. epidermidis
83
pyelonephritis and cystitis in indwelling catheters due to wat org
s. saprophyticus
84
# VF in s. aureus 1. skin infection 2. skin desquamation/scalded skin syndrome/ritters dse/pemphigus neonatorum 3. invade tissues 4. resistance to penicilin 5. marker of vilurence 6. fibrinolysis - dissolution of clot 7. descreases viscosity - assst. mobility 8. beta hemolysis 9. prevent phagocytosis 10. food poisoning 11. tsst 1 (tampons)) 12. desctruction of wbc
1. lipase 2. exfoliatin 3. hyaluronidase/duran raynal factor 4. beta-lactamase 5. coagulase 6. staphylokinase 7. dnase 8. beta hemolysin/ sphingomyelinase c/ hot cold lysin 9. protein a 10. enterotoxins a,b 11. tsst 1/pyrogenic exotoxin c 12. panton valentine leukocidin -pvl
85
1. (R) to penicilin of s. aureus is due to ________ encoded by 2. treatment for s. aureus
1. pbp2a (penicilin binding protein 2a), mec a gene 2. moc - methicilin, oxacillin, cloxacillin ## Footnote vancomycin - mrsa
86
* old sock odor on msa * butyrous colonies * yellow color colonies
s. aureus
87
selective medium for gram (+)
pea agar (white colonies)
88
* lancet/bullet shaed diplococci * done shape - umbonate (young) * flat/nail-head/crater-like/umblicate/coin w/ raised rim/ checker appearance/ doughnut - umbilicated ## Footnote otitis media lobar pneumonia (rusty sputum)
s. pneumoniae
89
# meningitis 1. newborn - 1month 2. 1month - 5 yrs old 3. 5 yrs old - 29 yrs old 4. > 29 yrs. old - geriatrics 5. immunocompromised px
1. s. agalactiae 2. h. influenzae 3. n. meningitidis 4. s. pneumoniae 5. l. monocytogenes
90
for the attachment of viridans strep to tooth surfaces
glucans dextrans
91
* not lancefield that produces glucans and dxtrans under this org. 1. causes sub. acute endocartitis 2. dental carries 3. found oral cavity
viridans 1. s. mitis 2. s. mutans 3. s. mitis ## Footnote lancefield - extraction of c carbohydrate from cell wall
92
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