Bacteriology 15: Mycoplasma and Obligate Intracellular Bacteria

Question 1

Mycoplasma
*size, deficiencies, cell wall (what does this cause),

Answer 1

Small bacteria

Many nutritional deficiencies
-CANNOT synthesize amino acids or vitamins or lipids
- some (hemotropic) CANNOT be cultivated in vitro

NO cell wall
-beta-lactams have NO effect
-ANTIMICROBIAL SELECTION
-poor gram staining
-INCREASED DIAGNOSTIC DIFFICULTY

Cell membrane cholesterol –need serum in media to culture
-NEED SPECIAL CONDITIONS FOR DIAGNOSIS

Question 2

Characteristics of mycoplasma

Answer 2

Colonize mucosal surfaces or RBC
-Respiratory and UT

-May attach to RBC (hemotropic mycoplasmas)

Some can invade host cells

Question 3

How do break up the genus mycoplasmas?

Answer 3

Tropism!

Question 4

What does a hemotropic mycoplasmas look like microsopically?

Answer 4

Question 5

What is the most IMPORTANT Hemotrophic we will be studying?

Answer 5

Mycoplasma haemofelis

CATS

Question 6

What is the source of Hemotropic Mycoplasmas?

Answer 6

Carrier animals

Question 7

How are Hemotropic Mycoplasmas transmited?

Answer 7

Blood

Question 8

What are the target cells of Hemotropic Mycoplasmas?

Answer 8

Erythrocytes

Question 9

How are Hemotropic Mycoplasmas pathogens?

Answer 9

Primarily EXTRAvascular hemolysis

Predisposing factors/agents

Question 10

What are clinical signs that Hemotrophic Mycoplasmas are present?

Answer 10

Hemolytic anemia

ICTERUS

Question 11

How do you diagnosis Hemotrophic Mycoplasmas?

Answer 11

Serology

BLOOD SMEAR

PCR

Question 12

How do you treat Hemotrophic Mycoplasmas?

Answer 12

Tetracyclines

Supportive care

Question 13

Mycoplasma haemofelis species it effects?

Answer 13

CATS

Question 14

Mycoplasma haemofelis is transmitted by?

Answer 14

Placental

Fleas

Blood

Question 15

How do you read a blood smear?

Answer 15

Bacteria on RBCs

Agglutination

Ghost cells

Spherocytes

Question 16

Non-Hemotrophic mycoplasmas source is?

Answer 16

Mucosal epithelia

Carriers

Question 17

Non-Hemotrophic mycoplasmas are transmitted byNon-Hemotrophic mycoplasmas

Answer 17

Direct contact

Inhalation of aerosols

Vertical

Question 18

What are the target cells for Non-Hemotrophic mycoplasmas?

Answer 18

Epithelium

Mesothelium

Question 19

What are clinical signs of Non-Hemotrophic mycoplasmas?

Answer 19

Depend on target cells affected

Typically:
-conjunctivitis
-sinusitis
-pneumonia
-polyserositis
-polyarthritis
-mastitis
-urogenital disease

Question 20

How do you diagnosis Non-Hemotrophic mycoplasmas?

Answer 20

Presumptive

Direct examination

SEROLOGY

CULTURE
-diagnosis standard
-special culture requirements
-delicate and needs quick transport to the lab
-low sensitivity
-“Fried- egg” colonies

Detection
-PCR

Question 21

How do you treat Non-Hemotrophic mycoplasmas?

Answer 21

Tetracyclines

Tylosin
Aminoglycosides
Macrolides
May need to cull

Question 22

How do you prevent Non-Hemotrophic mycoplasmas?

Answer 22

Biosecurity

reduce stress

Question 23

What is the Bovine Non-Hemotrophic mycoplasmas?

Answer 23

Mycoplasma bovis

Question 24

What does Mycoplasma bovis effect

Answer 24

ONLY cattle

Question 25

What are clinical signs of Mycoplasma bovis

Answer 25

Mastitis pneumonia polyarthritis otitis media (calves)

Question 26

What do Obligate intracellular bacteria require?

Answer 26

Require host cells for replication * Elaborate mechanisms for acquiring and invading host cells * Have multiple systems for surviving within host cells * Dependence on host cells is usually nutritional

Question 27

What are mechanisms of persistence and proliferation in the host that obligate intracellular bacteria use?

Answer 27

1. Multiply inside the vacuole * Chlamydia, Mycobacterium 2. Survive the conditions in the phagolysosome * Salmonella, Yersinia, Coxiella 3. Escape from the vacuole and proliferate in the cytoplasm * Rickettsia

Question 28

Coxiella Burnetii *fever, reportable, select agent, transmission?*

Answer 28

“Q fever” Reportable & zoonotic Select agent – potential bioterrorism agent 2 transmission sources * Wildlife/tick cycle * Sheep, goats, cattle

Question 29

When is coxiella infectious?

Answer 29

SMALL CELL VARIANT -highly resistant spore like -non-replicating -extracellular

Question 30

What cells does coxiella target?

Answer 30

Monocytes Macrophages Placental epithelial cells

Question 31

What are clinical signs of coxiella burnetii?

Answer 31

Late-term ruminant abortions Other repro signs **Can shed even if not clinically affected**

Question 32

Sources of coxiella burnetii?

Answer 32

Secreted in milk, urine, feces, reproductive secretions * Inhalation * Ingestion * Direct/venereal contact Arthropods (>40 tick species) SCV are very resistant in environment 31 The Center for Food Security and Public Health – Iowa State University

Question 33

How do you diagnosis coxiella burnetii

Answer 33

Presumptive – necropsy & histopathology -Fetus (may be autolyzed) -Placenta (leathery w/ white exudate) * Differential Dx: Chlamydia abortus Direct detection * Cannot culture in vet diagnostic lab -Immunohistochemistry -PCR Exposure to agent Serology 32

Question 34

Zoonotic aspects of coxella burnetii?

Answer 34

Human disease – flu-like illness in most people * Fever, fatigue, headache, muscle ache, weight loss, cough May become severe with pneumonia and hepatitis Rarely, people may develop chronic Q Fever & endocarditis Often due to **occupational exposures**

Question 35

Chlamydias are what cellular organisms?

Answer 35

Obligate intracellular organisms

Question 36

What are the required cells chlamydia need?

Answer 36

Eukaryotic cells as hosts -NEED HOST CELLS IN ORDER TO REPLICATE

Question 37

Chlamydia target cells are?

Answer 37

epithelium

Question 38

What are sources of Chlamydia?

Answer 38

Carrier animals *cats, cattle, small rum., birds, ect.* Diseased animals

Question 39

How is Chlamydia transmitted?

Answer 39

direct contact inhalation ingestion sexual vertical

Question 40

What are clinical signs of Chlamydia?

Answer 40

* Conjunctivitis * Sinusitis * Polyarthritis * Polyserositis * Hepatitis * Enteritis * Encephalomyelitis * Urogenital disease

Question 41

How do you Diagnosis Chlamydia?

Answer 41

Often presumptive Serology Direct detection * PCR * Cytology + stains * Fluorescent antibody

Question 42

How do treat Chlamydia?

Answer 42

Tetracyclines

Question 43

Ho wdo you prevent chlamydia?

Answer 43

Biosecurity Reduce stress

Question 44

What are the Chlamydias that are public health concerns?

Answer 44

* Chlamydia felis * Chlamydia psittaci * Chlamydia abortus