Bacteriology Flashcards
(258 cards)
1
Q
requirement for culture of M tuberculosis
A
protein
whole eggs
2
Q
requirement for growth of haemophilus
A
X and V factors
3
Q
Which factor is from the degradation of hemoglobin and is Heat stable
A
X Factor/hemin
4
Q
which factor is produced by some bacteria and yeast and are heat labile
A
V factor/NAD/coenzyme I
5
Q
organism that is a producer of V factor
A
Staphylococcus aureus
6
Q
organism that produces satellite colonies around S.aureus
A
Haemophilus influenzae
7
Q
requirement for growth of haemophilus influenzae
A
X and V factors
8
Q
requirement for growth of haemophilus aegypticus
A
X and V factors
9
Q
Requirement for growth of haemophilus ducreyi
A
X factor only
10
Q
requirement for growth of haemophilus aphrophilus
A
none
Does not require X and factor
11
Q
Requires oxygen for growth
A
Obligate or strict aerobe
12
Q
cannot grow the presence of oxygen
A
Obligate or strict anaerobe
13
Q
Can grow either with or without oxygen
A
facultative anaerobe
14
Q
Can survive in the presence of oxygen, but do not use oxygen in metabolism
A
aerotolerant anaerobe
15
Q
requires reduced level of oxygen to grow
A
Microaerophilic
16
Q
require an atmosphere enriched with extra carbon dioxide (5 to 10% carbon dioxide)
A
Capnophilic
17
Q
why are anaerobes cannot grow in the presence of oxygen
A
because they do not have catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme
18
Q
A
19
Q
between Bacillus and Clostridium which is catalase positive?
A
Bacillus (aerobes)
While Clostridium is an anaerobe. They are catalase neg
20
Q
Catalase positive
A
Staphylococcus
21
Q
Catalase negative
A
Streptococcus
22
Q
test to differentiate staphylococcus from streptococcus
A
catalase test
23
Q
example of microaerophilic organism
A
Campylobacter (requires only 5-6% O2)
24
Q
Gas requirement of microaerophilic organisms
A
5% oxygen
10% carbon dioxide
85% nitrogen
25
Requires 5 to 10% carbon dioxide
Capnophilic
26
Grows in ambient air, which contains 21% oxygen and a small amount (0.03%) of carbon dioxide
Aerobes
27
cannot grow in the presence of oxygen and the atmosphere in anaerobe jars, bags or chambers is composed of 5% to 10% H2, 5% to 10% carbon dioxide, 80% to 90% nitrogen, and 0% oxygen
Anaerobes
28
grow under reduced oxygen (5% to 10%) and increased carbon dioxide (8% to 10%); this environment can also be obtained in specifically designed jars or bags
Microaerophiles
29
requires increased concentrations of carbon dioxide (5% to 10%) and approximately 15% oxygen; atmosphere can be achieved by a candle jar or carbon dioxide incubator
Capnophiles
30
gas requirement of microaerophiles
5% oxygen
10% carbon dioxide
85% nitrogen
31
gas requirement of Capnophiles (eg H.influenzae & N.gonorrhea)
5 to 10% carbon dioxide
Use candle jar use
Candle jars cannot be used for anaerobes (has 15% oxygen)
32
all of the following are appropriate when attempting to isolate N. gonorrhea from a genital specimen, except
A. Transport to genital swab in charcoal transport, medium.
B. Plate the specimen on modified Thayer Martin (MTM) medium
C. Plate the specimen on New York City or Martin -Lewis agar
D. Culture specimens in ambient oxygen at 37°C.
D
N.gonorrhea is a capnophilic organism
ambient air contains 21% oxygen and a small amount (0.03%) of carbon dioxide
33
Capnophilic Organisms
HACEK
Haemophilus
Actinobacillus
Cardiobacterium
Eikenella
Kingella
34
Candle jar atmosphere can be achieved by:
candle jar (3% carbon dioxide)
Carbon dioxide, incubator, jar, or bag
35
Capnophilic require what percent of carbon dioxide
5 to 10% carbon dioxide
36
how many percent of carbon dioxide is in a candle jar
3% to 5% carbon dioxide
37
what is the catalyst in a Gaspak/Anerobic jar?
Palladium
38
what is the indicator of anaerobiasis in Gaspak/Anaerobic jar
Rezasurin and Methylene blue
39
Rezasurin
- absence of oxygen —> what color?
colorless
40
Rezasurin
presence of oxygen —> what color?
pink
41
Methylene blue
absence of oxygen —> what color?
colorless or white
42
Methylene blue
Presence of oxygen —> what color?
blue
43
in anaerobic jars what should be the color of Rezasurin and Methylene blue?
Colorless
44
what is the most common cost for failure of a GasPak anaerobe jar to establish an adequate environment anaerobic incubation is:
A. Failure of the oxidation – reduction potential indicator system, due to the deterioration of methylene blue
B. The failure of the packet to generate adequate H2 and/or CO2
C. Condensation of water on the inner surface of the jar.
D. Catalysts that have become inactivated after repeated use.
D. catalyst that have become inactivated after repeated use.
—> catalyst is Palladium
45
Cold-loving, optimal growth, 10°C to 20°C
Psychrophilic or Cryophilic
46
Grow optimally at moderate temperatures, optimal growth at 20° to 40°C
Mesophilic
47
grow best at high temperatures, optimal growth at 50° to 60°C
Thermophilic
48
Cold enrichment media
Listeria monocytogenes
Yersinia enterocolitica
49
most pathogenic bacteria are
Mesophilic
50
incubator temperature in microbiology section
35 +- 2°C
51
Optimal pH
neutral or slightly alkaline pH
PH of 6.5 to 7.5
52
What are the acid loving organisms?
Dodelein bacilli
Lactobacillus acidophilus (pH 3)
53
predominant, normal flora of the vagina
Doderlein bacilli (for growth it requires a pH of 3)
54
A gram positive bacillus which can be cultured on a tomato juice agar
Lactobacillus acidophilus
55
Alkali-loving organisms
Vibrio (pH 8-10)
56
The growth of Vibrio requires what pH?
ph 8-10
57
Enrichment medium for vibrio
alkaline peptone water (APW)
58
selective medium for Vibrio
TCBS
59
Vibrio
Enrichment medium:
Alkaline peptone water (APW)
60
Vibrio
Selective medium
TCBS
61
Vibrio
Flagellum:
Monotrichous
62
Vibrio
Motile or Non motile
Motile
63
Test that will help differentiate Vibrio from number of Family
Oxidase test
64
Vibrio result in Oxidase Test?
Positive
Oxidase (+)
65
Oxidase test results for enterobacteriaceae
Negative
Oxidase (-)
66
what is the cause of spoilage of bacon in a vacuum sealed container?
Lactobacillus
67
What organism is sensitive to changes in temperature?
Neisseria meningitidis
68
what organism is sensitive to changes in pH?
Shigella
69
Ideally, specimens should be transported to the laboratory how many hours of collection?
Two (2) hours
70
If a specimen cannot be transported to the laboratory within two hours, what should be done?
use of special preservatives or holding media for transportation of specimens delayed for more than two hours is important to ensure organism viability (survival)
DO NOT DO NOT DO NOT PUT IN REF!!! 🙅♀️
71
Give the four phases of the growth cycle
1. Lag phase
2. Log or Exponential Phase
3. Stationary or Plateau Phase
4. Decline Phase
72
What phase of the growth cycle has little or no multiplication and is the period of adjustment?
Lag phase
73
which phase of the growth cycle does the organism grow at maximum rate (exponential rate) an organisms are most sensitive to antimicrobials?
Log or exponential Phase
74
which phase of the growth cycle ceases growth because nutrients are exhausted or toxic metabolic products have accumulated?
Stationary or Plateau Phase
75
Which phase of the growth cycle does the viable count decreases?
Decline phase
76
which phase of the growth cycle does organisms are most active metabolically?
Log or exponential phase
77
which phase of the growth cycle do organisms are most sensitive to antimicrobials (penicillin)?
Log or Exponential phase
78
Growth decreases because of lack of nutrients and accumulation of toxins
stationery or Plateau phase
Apollon
79
Nutrient media for growing organisms
Culture media
80
Classifications of culture media
1. According to physical state/consistency.
2. According to composition.
3. According to dispensing/distribution.
4. According to function and use.
81
according to physical state/consistency, what media has no solidifying agent;broth/infusion/milk
Liquid
82
according to physical state/consistency what culture media contains 0.5 to one percent agar?
Semi Solid
83
give two examples of semi solid media
Transport media
Motility media
84
in semi solid media, where is the agar derived?
Red algae genus Gelidium
85
what type of media is the sulfur indole medium (SIM)?
Motility media
86
Give the two classifications of solid culture media
1. liquefiable
2. non-liquefiable
87
how many percent of agar does a liquefiable media contain?
2 to 3% agar
88
what is used to support the growth of anaerobes?
Chopped meat
89
give two examples of non-liquefiable solid culture media
1. Chopped meat.
2. Rice grains
90
in a non-liquefiable solid culture media, what is used to support the growth of fungi?
Rice grains
91
used to differentiate Microsporum canis from M.audouinii
Rice medium
- these are the two dermatophytes that will exhibit fluorescence Under wood’s lamp
92
how do you differentiate Microsporum canis from M. audouinii?
growth in the rice medium
—> M.canis grows in Rice Medium while M.audouinii does not.
93
A dermatophyte was isolated from a Tinea capitis (ringworm on the scalp), exhibits fluorescence on a Wood’s lamp but fails to grow in a Rice Medium.
Microsporum audouinii
94
web like clot formation
Pellicle (observed in broth)
95
growth in broth, except:
A. diffuse
B. Flocculent
C. Pellicle
D. Turbid
A. Diffuse
- spreading in media (slant or plated media)
96
according to composition this type of culture media, the exact composition is known
Synthetic/chemically defined
97
according to composition, this culture media contains at least one component, which is not chemically defined (not simple, no chemical)
Complex/non-synthetic
98
examples of a complex/non-synthetic culture media
Blood or serum
Plant/animal/yeast extract
99
According to composition what type of culture media is for organisms which cannot grow on self free or artificial media?
Tissue
100
Organisms that grow on tissue
chlamydia
Rickettsia
Viruses
101
what is common between viruses and rickettsia?
Can be grown on a chick embryo 🐥
102
examples of tissue culture medium
McCoy’s
Verocells
A549 Cells
Hela Cells (Henrietta Lacks)
Hep2 Cells
103
Tissue culture media:
derived from mouse cell lines for culture or Chlamydia
McCoy’s
104
Tissue culture media:
Derived from African green monkey kidney cell
Verocells
105
Tissue culture media:
derived from lung carcinoma
A549 Cells
106
Tissue culture media:
derived from cervical carcinoma
Hela Cells
107
Tissue culture media:
obtained from laryngeal carcinoma
Hep2 Cells
108
Tissue culture medium used for detection of ANA (anti-nuclear antibody)
Hep2 Cells
109
tissue culture medium for chlamydia
McCoy’s Cells
110
how to prepare plated culture media?
1. Weigh
2. Dissolve.
3. Sterilize.
4. Dispense.
111
How to prepare tubed culture media?
1. weigh
2. Dissolve
3. Dispense
4. Sterilize (or autoclave)
112
two ways to sterilize culture media
1. Autoclave
2. Membrane filtration
113
how do you inoculate on a butt/deep tube culture media
stab
114
how do you inoculate on a slant culture media?
streak
115
how do you inoculate on a butt slant culture media
stab and streak
116
what type of media supports the growth of most non-fastidious bacteria?
Simple/basal/supportive/general isolation/general purpose media
117
what are two examples of simple or general purpose media?
Nutrient agar/broth
Trypticase soy agar/broth
118
examples of nutritive media or supportive media
Tryptic Soy Agar, or nutrient agar plates for bacteria
Sabouraud’s dextrose agar for fungi
119
Nutritive or supportive agar for Fungi
Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA)
120
contain nutrient supplement for fastidious bacteria
Enriched media
121
example of enriched media
blood agar plate
122
contains 5% of defibrinated sheep blood
blood agar plate
123
first choice of blood for blood
Sheep blood
124
Second choice of blood for blood agar plate
Horse blood
125
Another choice of blood for a blood agar plate
Rabbit blood
126
preferred source of blood for haemophilus to demonstrate beta hemolytic haemophilus
Horse blood
127
beta-hemolytic haemophilus
1. H. hemolylicus
2. H. parahemolyticus
128
The use of sheep blood will not demonstrate what?
Beta hemolytic haemophilus
129
Why is human blood not preferred for a blood agar plate?
because it contains non-specific inhibitors.
130
What are the non-specific inhibitor found in human blood?
citrate and dextrose
131
What is added to expired blood bags to provide energy to red cells?
Dextrose
132
inhibits the growth of beta hemolytic strep
citrate
133
Alters hemolytic pattern
Dextrose
134
Why is blood in CAP brown?
Hemolysis due to heat
135
CAP is used to support the growth of?
Haemophilus
Pathogenic Neisseria
Streptoccocus pneumoniae
136
enrichment media for Salmonella and Shigella
Selenite broth
Tetrathionate broth
137
enhance growth of pathogen in a specimen wherein pathogen are outnumbered by non pathogens
Enrichment Media
138
Example of specimen that uses enrichment media
stool
139
enrichment media for Vibrio
alkaline peptone water
140
selective differential media for Vibrio
TCBS
141
enrichment media for Leigionella pneumophila
Buffered charcoal – yeast extract agar (BCYE)
142
enrichment broth for the isolation of anaerobes
Thioglycollate
143
what enrichment broth is selective for group B streptococci (S. agalactiae)
LIM (Todd-Hewitt with colistin and nalidixic acid) broth
144
common cause of neonatal meningitis
Streptococcus agalactiae
145
enrichment broth for the selective enrichment of gram-negative organisms
Gram negative (GN) broth
146
type of media that select for growth of particular organism, contains inhibitors
Selective media
147
what are the inhibitory agents used for selective media? (5)
dyes
bile salts
Alcohols
Acids
Antibiotics
148
inhibitors for gram-positive bacteria (dyes) 2
Gentian violet
Crystal violet
149
inhibitors for gram-positive bacteria (bile salt)
sodium deoxycholate
150
what is the purpose of crystal violet and bile salts in MAC?
inhibit the growth of gram-positive bacteria
151
inhibitors for gram-negative bacteria
Potassium tellurite
Sodium azide
152
Example for the selective video for tuberculosis
Lowenstein-Jensen Medium
inhibitor for other organisms: Malachite green
153
purpose of Malachite green for M.tuberculosis in a selective culture media
To inhibit the growth of other organism
154
culture medium for MTB appropriate for heavily contaminated specimen
Petragnani
- has the highest concentration of malachite green
155
selective culture medium for Corynebacterium diptheriae
Tellurite medium
inhibitor: Potassium tellurite
156
appearance of corynebacterium on tellurite medium
Black colonies
157
Selective culture media for gram-positive bacteria
PEA (phenylethyl alcohol)
158
inhibit gram-negative bacteria
PEA (phenylethyl alcohol)
159
do we identify gram positive or gram-negative Neisseria gonorrheae in gram staining?
Yes or No
No.
N.gonorrheae has many look alike, normal flora. Identification of N. gonorrheae, is made through culture.
160
culture media for Neisseria gonorrheae
Enriched CAP with added antibiotics
- antibiotics function as inhibitors
161
selective media for Neisseria gonorrheae
1. Thayer-Martin
2. Modified Thayer-Martin
3. Martin-Lewis
4. New York City Agar
162
Inhibits growth of gram-positive bacteria
Vancomycin
163
inhibits growth of gram-negative bacteria except N.gonorrhoeae
Colistin
164
inhibit growth of fungi in Thayer Martin
Nystatin
165
antibiotics contained in Thayer-Martin (3)
Vancomycin
Colistin
Nystatin
166
antibiotics contain in modified thayer martin
Vancomycin
Colistin
Nystatin
Trimethoprim lactate
167
prevents swarming of Proteus spp
Trimethoprim lactate
168
antibiotics contained in Martin Lewis
Vancomycin
Colistin
Anisomycin
Trimethoprim lactate
169
inhibit growth of fungi in Martin Lewis
Anisomycin
170
Antibiotics contained in New York City agar
Vancomycin
Colistin
Amphotericin B
Trimethoprim lactate
171
inhibits growth of fungi in New York City agar
Amphotericin B
172
173
what culture media has vancomycin,
Colistin, Trimethoprin lactate, and Anisomycin
Martin-Lewis
174
Will also support the growth of the genital mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum)
New York City agar
175
selective differential medium for Staphylococcus spp
Mannitol salt agar (MSA)
176
CHO in MSA
Mannitol
177
Inhibitor in MSA
7.5 to 10% NaCl
178
PH indicator in MSA
phenol red
179
mannitol fermenters in MSA
Yellow colonies
180
Non-Mannitol fermenters in MSA
pink colonies
181
gram-positive cocci able to grow in the presence of 7.5% to 10% sodium chloride
Staphylococcus spp.
182
phenol red in acidic ph
Yellow
183
phenol red in alkaline ph
red
184
185
when grown on MSA S.epidermidis will appear what color
Pink colonies (non mannitol fermenter)
186
variable colonies on MSA
S.saprophyticus
187
selective differential medium for vibrio spp
Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salt Sucrose (TCBS) Agar
188
CHO for TCBS
sucrose
189
Inhibitor present in TCBS agar
Bile salts that inhibit the growth of gram-positive organisms
190
pH indicator of TCBS
Bromthymol blue
191
Color of colonies for sucrose fermenters
Yellow colonies
192
Color of colonies for non-sucrose fermenters
Green colonies
193
in an acidic, what is the color of bromthymol blue
yellow
194
in alkaline ph what is the color of bromthymol blue
blue
195
Vibrio cholerae (sucrose fermenter)
yellow colonies in TCBS
196
V.parahemolyticus (non sucrose fermenter)
green colonies on TCBS
197
vibrio is oxidase positive or negative?
positive
198
provide distinct colonial appearances of micro organisms to aid their identification
Differential media
199
employ some factor that allows colonies of some bacterial species or type to exhibit certain metabolic or culture characteristics that can be used to distinguish it from other bacteria growing on the same agar plate
Differential media
200
what carbohydrate is fermented by all members of family Enterobacteriaceae?
Glucose
201
Members of Family Enterobacteriaceae that ferment lactose
202
with lactose permease and beta galactosidase
Rapid lactose fermenters
203
three rapid lactose fermenters
Escherichia
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
204
type of lactose fermenter with beta galactosidase only
late lactose fermenters
205
six late lactose fermenters
salmonella arizonae
Shigella sonnei
Citrobacter
Serratia
Hafnia
Yersinia
206
type of lactose fermenter without lactose permease and beta galactosidase
non lactose fermenter
207
six non-lactose fermenters
Salmonella
Shigella
Proteus
Providencia
Morganella
Edwardsiella
208
209
Salmonella or non-lactose ferment except for
Salmonella arizonae
210
The differentiate late lactose fermenters from non-lactose fermenters
Late lactose fermenters are ONPG (+)
211
ONPG test is a test for what enzyme?
Beta galactosidase enzyme
212
all late lactose fermenters are ONPG (+)
this differentiates lactose ferment from non-lactose fermenters
213
214
selective differential media for gram-negative enteric bacilli (4)
EMB
MAC
HEA
SS
215
Eosin Methylene blue (EMB) agar
selective and differential for gram-negative enteric bacilli
CHO - Lactose
Lactose fermenters - Pink to purp colonies
Non lactose fermenters- colorless colonies
216
colony of E coli on EMB
Pink to purple colonies with green metallic sheen
217
colony of Klebsiella on EMB
pink mucoid colonies
218
Colony of Entrobacter on EMB
Pink colonies with dark center
219
inhibitors of MacConkey agar
Crystal violet
bile salt
220
CHO of MAC
Lactose
221
pH indicator of MAC agar
neutral red
222
lactose fermenters on MAC agar
Pink
223
Non-lactose fermenters on MAC agar
colorless colonies
224
neutral red at acidic ph
red
225
neutral red at alk ph
yellow
226
Inhibitor of HEA agar
Bile salt
227
CHO of HEA
lactose
Sucrose
salicin
228
pH indicator of HEA
bromthymol blue
229
H2S indicator of HEA
Ferric ammonium citrate
230
lactose fermenter, H2 S negative
Yellow colonies without black center
231
lactose fermenter H2 S positive
Yellow colonies with black center
232
Non-lactose fermenter, H2 S negative
Green colonies without black center
233
non lactose fermenter H2 S positive
Green colonies with black center
234
selective and differential for Salmonella and Shigella
SSA
235
CHO for SSA
Lactose
236
ph indicator for SSA
Neutral red
237
H2 S indicator for SSA
Ferric citrate
238
salmonella colonies on SSA
colorless colonies with black center
239
Shigella colonies on SSA
call less colonies without black center
240
bromthymol blue in an acidic ph
yellow
241
bromthymol blue indicator in alkaline ph
blue
242
H2S positive has?
black center
243
among the members of family Enterobacteriaceae, who are H2S positive?
SPACEd
Salmonella
Proteus
Arizona
Citrobacter
Edwardsiella
244
Capnophilic organisms
HACEK
245
what organism?
rapid lactose fermenter
H2S negative
Yellow colonies
Without black center
E coli
246
What organism?
non-lactose fermenter
H2S negative
sucrose negative
Salicin negative
Salmonella
247
salmonella and Shigella are both NLF
248
to differentiate salmonella from shigella what parameter is used?
H2S
H2S positive: Salmonella
H2S negative: Shigella
249
what agar contains potato blood glycerol
Bordet gengou agar
250
Bordet-Gengou agar is used for what organism
Bordotella pertussis (causative agent of whooping cough)
251
culture media for the isolation of B. pertussis telesis that contains horse blood, charcoal, and antibiotics
Regan-Lowe
252
Charcoal Ceohalexin medium (Regan Lowe) contains:
Horse blood
Charcoal
Antibiotics (acts as an inhibitor for other organism)
253
preferred isolation medium for Bordotella pertussis
Regan Lowe
(because it has inhibitor for other organisms)
254
Ideal specimen for recovery of B.pertussis
Nasopharyngeal swab
255
Colonies of Bordotella pertussis on Regan Lowe (Charcoal Cephalexin medium)
Mercury droplet colonies
256
what gram-negative bacilli can be recovered from air conditioning towers
Legionella
257
Media for culture for Legionella
Buffered charcoal yeast extract (BCYE) agar
258
