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Pathophys Block I > Bacteriology > Flashcards

Bacteriology Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

obligate aerobe

A

require oxygen to survive

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2
Q

facultative anaerobe

A

prefer oxygenated environments, but can survive w/o oxygen if necessary

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3
Q

obligate anaerobe

A

can not live or grow in the presence of oxygen

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4
Q

describe the characteristics of a gram + cell envelope (inner to outer)

A
  1. cytoplasmic membrane of phospholipids with embedded proteins
  2. THICK peptidoglycan layer (cell wall)
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5
Q

describe the characteristics of a gram - cell envelope (inner to outer)

A
  1. cytoplasmic membrane of phospholipids with embedded proteins
  2. periplasmic space with gel containing proteins and enzymes
  3. THIN peptidoglycan layer (cell wall)
  4. outer membrane made of phospholipid layer (inner layer is called lipid A, outer layer contains LPSs)
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6
Q

what color to gram + bacteria stain? gram -?

A

gram +: violet

gram -: red

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7
Q

define pathogenicity

A

ability of a pathogen to produce a disease

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8
Q

define virulence

A

degree of pathogenicity as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the

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9
Q

define lethal dose

A

the number of organisms required to cause death

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10
Q

define infective dose

A

the number of organisms required to cause infection

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11
Q

define antigenic switching

A

the altering of a microorganism’s surface antigens through genetic rearrangement, to elude detection by the host

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12
Q

describe the differences between streptococcus and staphlococcus when looking under a microscope

A

steptococcus: form strips of cocci
staphlococcus: forms cluster of cocci

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13
Q

what are the clinical applications of knowing if an infection is from G+ vs a G- bacteria colony?

A

antibiotics that attempt to damage the peptidoglycan cell wall will not be able to penetrate the outer membrane in G- bacteria and therefore will not be effective at treating infections caused G- bacteria. (example: penicillin or lysozyme)

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14
Q

what portion of the G- bacteria is considered pathogenic? what does this mean?

A

the LPS layer, it can be used to ID the type of bacterium

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15
Q

define exotoxin

A

proteins released by both G+ and G- that cause disease

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16
Q

define endotoxin

A

LPS is synonymous with endotoxin. LPS makes up the outer layer of the cell wall in G- bacteria. this layer provides virulence. endotoxin simply means that the bacteria is not secreting anything toxic, but rather is toxic by the nature of its structure.

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17
Q

define virulence factors

A

characters of a bacterium that increase its pathogenicity

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18
Q

indicate three bacteria that use endotoxins as a virulence factor

A
  1. Vibrio cholerae
  2. Escherichia coli
  3. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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19
Q

discuss the features of an acid-fast bacterium

A

unique cell walls that contain “waxy” lipid called mycolic acid. stain red using acid-fast stain.

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20
Q

give two examples of typical acid-fast bacteria

A
  1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)

2. Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy)

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21
Q

give three examples of G- rods

A
  1. Escherichia coli
  2. Vibrio cholerae
  3. Yersinia pestis
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22
Q

give two examples of G-cocci

A
  1. Neisseria gonorrhoeae

2. Neisseria meningitidis

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23
Q

give three examples of G+ rods

A
  1. Listeria monocytogenes
  2. Clostridium botulinium
  3. Clostridium difficile
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24
Q

give two examples of G+ cocci

A
  1. Staphlococcus aureaus

2. Strephtococcus pneumonia

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25
give two examples of spirochetes
1. Treponema pallidum (syphilis) | 2. Leptospira interrogans
26
give three example of an obligate intracellular parasites
1. Rickettsia rickettsii 2. Listeria monocytogenes 3. Treponema pallidum
27
what is an example of a group of bacteria without a cell wall?
Mycoplasma
28
give two examples of spore-forming bacteria
1. Clostridium (G+, anaerobic) | 2. Bacillus (G+, aerobic)
29
what are spores?
metabolically dormant forms of bacteria, resistant to heat, cold, drying, and chemical agents
30
name three diseases that are caused by endotoxins
1. septic shock 2. septicemia (infiltration of blood by N. meningitidis) 3. meningitis (movement of N. meningitidis into meninges
31
discuss and define transmissibility
method of entry for infection of a host (e.g. cut, respiratory tract, GI, urogenital)
32
discuss bacterial adherence to host cells
ability of bacteria to attach to the host via pili, fimbriae, other adhesion molecules
33
define toxigenicity
ability of bacteria to generate disease in the host via exo or endotoxins
34
discuss a key way that bacteria can evade a host's immune system
via antigenic switching: changing surface antigens by turning on/off genes
35
Escherichia coli morphology
GN, rod, facultative anaerobe
36
E. coli S/S
Main: UTI and diarrhea Other: meningitis in infants, sepsis
37
E. coli pathogenicity
pili, fimbrae, enterotoxin (exotoxin)
38
add three important human diseases that can be caused by endotoxins
1. septic shock 2. septicemia 3. meningitis
39
E. coli diagnostic work up
culture
40
E. coli Tx
antibiotics, send for sensitivities
41
Vibrio cholerae morphology
GN rod, comma shaped
42
Vibrio cholerae S/S
Main: massive diarrhea
43
Vibrio cholerae pathogenicity
enterotoxin (type of EXOtoxin)
44
Vibrio cholerae diagnostic work up
culture, oxidase+
45
oxydase test
assists in differentiating groups of GN bacteria
46
Vibrio cholerae Tx
water, doxycycline, electrolytes
47
Neisseria gonorrhoeae morphology
GN, diplococci, kidney bean shaped, aerobic
48
Neisseria gonorrhoeae S/S
Main: gonorrhea- purulent discharge, urethritis, dysuria Other: blindness, septic arthritis
49
Neisseria gonorrhoeae pathogenicity
pili, unencapsulated
50
Neisseria gonorrhoeae diagnostic work up
culture, oxidase+
51
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Tx
ceftriaxone
52
Yersinia pestis morphology
GN, rod
53
Yersinia pestis S/S
Main: plague
54
Yersinia pestis transmission
transmitted by fleas w/i an animal resevoir
55
Yersinia pestis pathogenicity
multiplies in phagocytes
56
Yersinia pestis diagnostic work up
culture of aspirate
57
Yersinia Y. pestis Tx
Streptomycin
58
Clostridium botulinum morphology
GP, rod, obligate anareobe
59
Clostridium botulinum S/S
Main: flacid paralysis
60
Clostridium botulinum pathogenicity
form endospores, neurotoxin, inhibits release of AcH
61
Clostridium botulinum diagnostic work up
clinical presentation, anaerobic culture
62
Clostridium botulinum Tx
antitoxin horse serum administration
63
Treponema pallidum morphology
GN, spirochete
64
chancre
herald patch of syphilis
65
Treponema pallidum S/S
Main: syphilis
66
Treponema pallidum pathogenicity
parasite, exotoxin, highly motile
67
Treponema pallidum diagnostic work up
blood serum test, does NOT show up on a gram stain
68
Treponema pallidum Tx
penicillin
69
Mycobacterium tuberculosis morphology
mycobacterium (acid-fast)
70
Mycobacterium tuberculosis S/S
Main: tuberculosis
71
Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenicity
survives and grows in host macrophages
72
Mycobacterium tuberculosis diagnostic workup
acid-fast stain, nucleic acid probes
73
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Tx
multiple drug therapy, long course of combined antibiotic Tx
74
Rickettsia rickettsii morphology
GN, stains poorly, short rod, obligate intracellular parasite
75
Rickettsia rickettsii S/S
Main: Rocky Mountain Spotted fever, fever, malaise, rash, begins on extremities, then goes all over
76
Rickettsia rickettsii diagnostic work up
parasitizes host endothelial cells throughout circulatory system, serology, grows only inside living host cells
77
Rickettsia rickettsii Tx
doxycycline
78
catalase test
important to differentiate between different types of GP bacteria
79
Staphlococcus aureus morphology
GP, cocci, clusters
80
Staphlococcus aureus S/S
Main: TSS (fever, hypotension, rash) Other: skin infections, UTI, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, arthritis
81
Staphlococcus aureus pathogenesis
cell wall enzymes, coagulase and catalase+, exotxins
82
Staphlococcus aureus diagnostic work ups
gram stain, coagulase, catalase
83
Staphlococcus aureus Tx
antibiotic and I&D
84
Streptococcus pneumonia morphology
GP, cocci, strips/chains, can be diplococci
85
Streptococcus pneumonia S/S
Main: pneumonia Other: bacterial meningitis, sinusitis, otitis media, mastoiditis, sepsis
86
Streptococcus pneumonia pathogenicity
alpha hemolytic, capsule, pili, choline binding, protiein A
87
Streptococcus pneumonia diagnostic work up
culture, light microscope
88
Steptococcus pneumonia Tx
antibiotics
89
Listeria monocytogenes morphology
GP, rods, diplococci or short chains, aerobic
90
Listeria monocytogenes S/S
Main: food poisoning Other: meningitis, sepsis, spontaneous abortions
91
Listeria monocytogenes pathogenesis
enters cell by phagocytosis, obligate intracellular parasite, membrane degrading phospholipase (listerialysis)
92
Listeria monocytogenes diagnostic work up
blood and CSF cultures, catalase+, beta hemolytic, positive motility
93
Listeria monocytogenes Tx
ampicillin and bactrim
94
normal flora of the skin
staph aureus
95
normal flora of the mouth
streptococci, lactobacilli, staphlococci, corynebacteria (great number of anaerobic bacteria)
96
normal flora of the nares
mostly coagulase - staph and corynebactera, staph aureus
97
normal flora of the nasopharynx
mostly strep and neisseria species, also strep penumoniae, s. pyrogenes, haemophilus, influenzae and neisseria meningitidis
98
normal flora of the GI tract and retum
enterobacteria (many types)
99
normal flora of the genitalia
corynebacteria, staphlococci, streptococci, E. coli, lactobacilli (contributes to low pH and inhibits colonization by other bacilli)
100
normal flora of the eye/conjunctiva
mostly coagulase- staph; corynebacteria, occasional s. aureus, strep, haemophilus, neisseria
101
normal flora of the urinary bladder and anterior urethra
coagulase- staph, enterococcus, viridans, strep. GI bacteria and corynebacteria

Pathophys Block I (8 decks)

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