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SP14 - Micro Immuno 1 > Bailey > Flashcards

Bailey Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 2 types of immune responses?

A

Innate

Adaptive

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2
Q

Which cells are considered part of the innate immune system?

A 
Myeloid (granulocyte precursor) cells:
Monocytes
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Dendritic cells
NK Cells
[Epithelial barriers]
[Complement system]
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3
Q

Which cells are considered part of the adaptive immune system?

A

Lymphoid cells:
T cells
B cells

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4
Q

Important receptors for antigen recognition and clearance

A

TLRs

N-formyl-methionyl, mannose and scavenger receptors

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5
Q

Two types of Ag specific receptors

A

B cell Receptor (Ig) - Recognizes soluble, intact macromolecules and small chemicals
T cell receptor (TCR) - Only recognize processed Ag fragments presented by MHC on the surface of APCs

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6
Q

Recognize IgE -> degranulate -> release antimicrobial chemicals
Involved in inflammatory and allergic responses (particularly in skin & airway)

A

Eosinophils

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7
Q

Phagocytes (kill bacteria)
Can produce cytokines
Not APCs
Can contribute to tissue damage during inflammation

A

Neutrophils

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8
Q

Capable of extracellular killing of infected or altered self targeting cells (phagocytic)
Produce cytokines that contribute to tissue repair
Act as APCs

A

Macrophages

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9
Q

Main function is antigen processing & presentation to T-cells
Critical cell in initiating adaptive immune response

A

Dendritic cells

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10
Q

Nonspecifically kill virus infected & tumor cells

Important in nonspecific immunity to viral infections and tumor surveillance

A

NK (natural killer) and LAK (lymphokine activated killer) cells

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11
Q

Eosinophils

A

Recognize IgE -> degranulate -> release antimicrobial chemicals
Involved in inflammatory and allergic responses (particularly in skin & airway)

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12
Q

Neutrophils

A

Phagocytes (kill bacteria)
Can produce cytokines
Not APCs
Can contribute to tissue damage during inflammation

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13
Q

Macrophages

A

Capable of extracellular killing of infected or altered self targeting cells (phagocytic)
Produce cytokines that contribute to tissue repair
Act as APCs

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14
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Main function is antigen processing & presentation to T-cells
Critical cell in initiating adaptive immune response

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15
Q

NK and LAK (lymphokine activated killer) cells

A

Nonspecifically kill virus infected & tumor cells

Important in nonspecific immunity to viral infections and tumor surveillance

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16
Q

What are the physical barriers to the body?

A

Skin; mucosal linings

doesn’t let pathogens easily enter body

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17
Q

What are the chemical barriers to the body?

A

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) [Ex: lysozymes, defensins, lactoferrin, cathelicidins]

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18
Q

What charge do antimicrobial compounds tend to have? Pathogenic microbes?

A

Cationic (positive)

Anionic (negative)

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19
Q

Lysozyme

A

Cleaves linkages between peptidoglycan

Primarily active against gram + bacteria

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20
Q

Cathelicidin

A

Disrupts bacterial membranes of bacterial & fungal pathogens

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21
Q

Defensins

A

Create pores in microbes (all microbes can be affected)

Similar to complement cascade membrane attack complex

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22
Q

Lactoferrin

A

Sequesters iron that pathogen bacteria need for growth & production of virulence factors
Active against many bacterial pathogens

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23
Q

PAMPs

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns

Unique structures on microbes which often involve repeated motifs/structures

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24
Q

PRRs

A

Pattern recognition receptors

Used by the Innate immune cells to recognize PAMPs

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25
TLRs
A type of transmembrane PRR on the surface innate immune cells Recognize PAMPs Induce expression of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, cytokines
26
What are the biological barriers of the body?
Microbes that naturally inhabit the body | Serve as a barrier against pathogenic bacteria
27
Which cells are considered phagocytes?
Monocytes/macrophages Dendritic cells Neutrophils
28
Which cells are considered APCs?
Macrophages | Dendritic cells
29
Which cells are considered granulocytes?
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Mast cells
30
Which cells are considered lymphocytes?
B cells T cells NK cells
31
Which cells are considered leukocytes?
``` Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes ```
32
What is an antigen? What types of antigens are there?
Any substance that can be specifically bound to an adaptive immune cell Immunogen Tolerogen Allergen
33
Immunogen
Elicits an immune response
34
Tolerogen
Induces immunological tolerance or immune non-responsiveness
35
Allergen
Causes an immediate hypersensitivity
36
Where are TLRs located
Intracellularly (in walls of endosomes) or extracellularly (in the plasma membrane) (transmembrane proteins)
37
Why are TLRs intracellular?
To recognize viruses
38
Where does the immune response happen?
Innate cells encounter infection at site in periphery APCs migrate to lymph nodes B & T cells also migrate to LNs to become activated and go thru clonal expansion & differentiation Effector T cells and antibodies then enter the circulation and head toward tissue to eliminate Ag Memory lymphocytes take up residence in tissues & secondary lymphoid organs in preparation for next infection
39
Which cells are likely to encounter pathogens in periphery?
Innate immune cells
40
Where are the cells of the adaptive immune system activated?
Lymph nodes
41
Where do the cells of the immune system clonally expand?
Lymph nodes
42
What are cytokines?
Proteins secreted by cells that mediate functions of immune system Mode of communication
43
Which cells produce cytokines?
Innate & adaptive immune system cells Lymphocytes Macrophages Endo/epithelium
44
What is a chemokine?
Chemotactic cytokines (regulate migration of cells)
45
What are the 6 general properties of cytokines?
- Secretion is brief & self-limited - Action is pleiotropic & redundant - Influence each other - Can act locally & systemically - Initiate their actions by binding to membrane-bound receptors - Receptor ligation leads to gene expression which alters cellular function
46
Which cytokines have a more predominant activity in the innate immune system?
IL-12 TFN IL-1 Chemokines
47
Which cytokine is important in both innate and adaptive immunity?
IFN-gamma
48
Which cytokines have a more predominant activity in the adaptive immune system?
IL-2 | IL-4
49
Which cytokines are considered pro-inflammatory?
``` TFN-alpha IL-1 alpha & beta IL-6 IL-12 IFN ```
50
Which cytokines are considered anti-inflammatory?
IL-10 | TGF-beta
51
Which cells make TNF-alpha?
``` Monocytes Macrophages NK cells Dendritic cells T cells (primary source) ```
52
Which cells make IL-1?
Monocytes/macrophages Dendritic cells Neutrophils
53
Which cells make IL-6?
Macrophages | T cells
54
Which cells respond to TNF-alpha?
``` Stimulate recruitment to site of infection: Neutrophils Monocytes Macrophages Activate T cells Acute inflammatory response to Gram - ```
55
Which cells respond to IL-1?
Activate immune cells (like TNF-alpha) -Inc expression of selectins/integrins on endothelial cells No systemic effects
56
Which cells respond to IL-6?
Induction of inflammatory response (similar effects as IL-1) | Primarily: induction of acute phase response
57
Which cytokine is a major contributor to septic shock?
TNF-alpha
58
What induces the feeling of being sick?
IL-1 & IL-6
59
Which cytokines induces the formation of Th1 cells?
IL-2
60
Which cytokine is typically increased during a Th1 response?
IFN-gamma

SP14 - Micro Immuno 1 (1 decks)

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